The processes of control and collection are prominent themes throughout pharaonic history. However, the extent that the central regime attempted to administer agricultural fields to collect revenues directly from the farmer who actually worked the land is unclear during the pharaonic period (c.2686–1069). Relations between those involved in agricultural cultivation and local headships of extended families and wider kinship groups were deeply embedded within a broad range of interpersonal discourses, behaviours, and practices. Village headmen and officials at all levels of an impersonalized “state” hierarchy were themselves landholders who drew income from the land and were held responsible for collecting revenues from their fields. It is therefore necessary to define, with a focus on the imperatives of a subsistence economy, who was working the land and what the relationship was between them, the headmen, and those from within outside power structures (in the context of direct intervention against specific groups of the population). To address these points, I will focus on revenue extraction as a “state” process, how it was connected to the role of punishment, and its impact on local hierarchies (the targets of revenue extraction).

控制和收集的过程是贯穿法老历史的突出主题。然而，在法老时期（c.2686-1069），中央政权试图管理农田以直接从实际耕种土地的农民那里收取收入的程度尚不清楚。从事农业种植的人与大家庭和更广泛的亲属团体的地方首领之间的关系深深植根于广泛的人际交往、行为和实践中。非人格化的“国家”等级制度中的各级村长和官员本身就是土地所有者，他们从土地中获取收入，并负责从他们的田地中收取收入。因此，有必要着重于自给经济的必要性来定义，谁在耕种土地，他们之间的关系是什么，负责人，以及那些来自外部权力结构的人（在直接干预特定人口群体的情况下）。为了解决这些问题，我将重点关注作为“状态”过程的收入提取、它如何与惩罚的作用相关联，以及它对地方等级制度（收入提取的目标）的影响。