Carbon nanonmaterial development through green technology is gaining pace owing to their biocompatibility, inertness, modifiability, and photoluminescence. These smart nanomaterials are much sought after and have great potential in bioimaging and drug delivery. In this study, we focused on the preparation of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) using edible yogurt drink (lassi) by microwave irradiation. The physicochemical properties of synthesized CNPs were extensively studied. Results demonstrated that CNPs had average size of 12.58 ± 0.60 nm with a zeta potential of −24.62 ± 0.15 mV. The cytocompatibility of CNPs assessed using L929 and rat primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) demonstrated enhanced viability after 48 h of incubation. At lower concentrations of CNP, intracellular calcium levels remain unaffected in VSMCs. Doxorubicin (Dox) was used as model molecule to evaluate sythesized CNPs for their efficacy in drug delivery. Dox-loaded CNPs (Dox-CNPs) showed pH-dependent (pH 4.6 and 7.4) drug release. Toxicity of Dox-CNPs assessed with MCF-7 and SAS cell lines indicated IC₅₀ values at 0.25 μg/mL. Cell cycle arrest, elevation of reactive oxygen species, and loss of inner mitochondrial membrane potential corroborated efficient delivery of Dox to the nuclei with enhanced activity. The successful delivery of drug into the nuclei and its subsequent pH-dependent release project CNPs as promising drug delivery vehicles for nanomedicine.

中文翻译：

---

利用绿色技术开发的多功能碳纳米颗粒在纳米医学中的潜在应用

由于其生物相容性，惰性，可修饰性和光致发光性，通过绿色技术开发碳纳米材料的步伐正在加快。这些智能纳米材料倍受追捧，在生物成像和药物输送方面具有巨大潜力。在这项研究中，我们集中于通过微波辐射使用食用酸奶饮料（lassi）制备碳纳米颗粒（CNP）。广泛研究了合成CNP的理化性质。结果表明，CNP的平均大小为12.58±0.60 nm，ζ电位为-24.62±0.15 mV。孵育48小时后，使用L929和大鼠原代血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）评估的CNP的细胞相容性显示出增强的生存能力。在较低的CNP浓度下，VSMC中的细胞内钙水平保持不变。阿霉素（Dox）被用作模型分子来评估合成的CNP在药物递送中的功效。载有Dox的CNP（Dox-CNP）显示出pH依赖性（pH 4.6和7.4）药物释放。用MCF-7和SAS细胞系评估的Dox-CNP的毒性表明IC0.25μg/ mL时有_50个值。细胞周期停滞，活性氧物种的增加和内部线粒体膜电位的丧失，证实了Dox高效递送到细胞核并具有增强的活性。成功地将药物输送到细胞核中，以及随后的pH依赖性释放项目CNP，它们是有前途的纳米药物输送工具。