In 2015 the global community approved the seventeen sustainable development goals (SDGs). The SDGs include a goal regarding access to clean water and sanitation with specific targets such as providing access to adequate and equitable sanitation for all, improving water quality by reducing pollution, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater, and increasing recycling and safe reuse globally. There are opportunities to promote sanitation technologies that would achieve these sanitation targets and minimize health risk from exposure to pathogens while also achieving SDGs related to increased food security and sustainable management of waste and natural resources through the recovery of beneficial resources such as energy and fertilizer. To that end, the objective of this paper is to critically review literature that is supported by material flow diagrams developed for nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, to determine the ability of existing sanitation technologies and strategies that are deployed in a centralized or decentralized manner to safely recover resources and thus achieve multiple sustainable development goals. The one strategy and six technologies are 1) dig and cover, 2) bucket latrine, 3) ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine, 4) double-vault composting latrine, 5) urine-diverting composting latrine, 6) pour-flush toilet connected to a septic tank, and 7) sewered toilet. Results showed the six sanitation technologies and one strategy could be grouped into three categories based on their potential to recover resources without further processes added to provide resource recovery. Group 1 (unimproved, no resource recovery), which included the baseline strategy of dig and cover and the unimproved technology of bucket latrines, demonstrated no ability to achieve resource recovery from human waste without further resource recovery treatment. Container based sanitation (not discussed here) may, however, be an appropriate method to safely dispose of excreta while also providing opportunities for resource recovery. Group 2 (improved, no resource recovery), which included the technologies ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine, pour-flush toilet with septic tank, and sewered toilet, were also shown to have no ability to recover resources without further resource recovery treatment. Group 3 (improved, resource recovery), which included double-vault composting latrine and urine-diverting compositing latrine), demonstrated the greatest ability to recover resources from human waste. However, policies to ensure safe handling of resources generated at onsite locations is needed and resource recovery processes can be integrated with treatment processes to recover embedded resources from bucket latrines, VIP latrines, pour-flush toilets with septic tanks, and sewered toilets. The results provide guidance to achieve multiple sustainable development goals through the implementation of sanitation technologies that have potential to recover beneficial resources.

中文翻译：

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回顾卫生技术以实现促进资源回收的多个可持续发展目标

2015年，国际社会批准了17个可持续发展目标（SDG）。可持续发展目标包括一项有关获得清洁水和卫生设施的目标，其中有具体目标，例如为所有人提供充分和公平的卫生设施，通过减少污染来改善水质，将未经处理的废水所占比例减半，并在全球范围内增加回收利用和安全再利用。有机会促进实现这些卫生目标的卫生技术，并最大程度地降低因接触病原体而造成的健康风险，同时也实现与可持续发展目标有关的可持续发展目标，这些目标通过回收能源和肥料等有益资源来加强粮食安全以及对废物和自然资源的可持续管理。为此，本文的目的是严格审查针对氮，磷和碳而开发的物质流程图所支持的文献，以确定以集中或分散方式部署的现有卫生技术和策略的能力，以安全地回收资源和资源。从而实现多个可持续发展目标。一种策略和六种技术是：1）挖掘和掩盖，2）斗式厕所，3）通风的改进坑式（VIP）厕所，4）双室堆肥厕所，5）尿分流式堆肥厕所，6）冲水马桶连接到化粪池，以及7）下水道的厕所。结果表明，根据六种环卫技术和一种策略的回收潜力，可以将它们分为三类，而无需增加其他流程来提供资源回收。第一组（未经改进，无资源回收），包括挖掘和覆盖的基线策略以及未经改进的斗式厕所技术，表明未经进一步的资源回收处理就无法实现从人类废物中回收资源的能力。但是，基于容器的卫生（此处未讨论）可能是安全处理排泄物的适当方法，同时也为资源回收提供了机会。第二组（改进，无资源回收），包括通风技术改进的坑厕（VIP），带化粪池的冲水马桶和下水道的马桶，也被证明没有进一步的资源回收处理就无法回收资源。第3组（改进后的资源回收），其中包括双穹顶堆肥厕所和改尿复合厕所 展示了从人类废物中回收资源的最大能力。但是，需要确保安全处理现场产生的资源的政策，并且资源回收过程可以与处理过程集成，以从桶式厕所，VIP厕所，带化粪池的冲水马桶和下水道的马桶中回收嵌入的资源。结果为通过实施有潜力回收有益资源的卫生技术实现多个可持续发展目标提供了指导。倒入带有化粪池的冲水马桶和下水道的马桶。结果为通过实施有潜力回收有益资源的卫生技术实现多个可持续发展目标提供了指导。倒入带有化粪池的冲水马桶和下水道的马桶。结果为通过实施有潜力回收有益资源的卫生技术实现多个可持续发展目标提供了指导。