Materials and devices with advanced functionalities often need to combine complex 3D shapes with functionality-inducing surface features. Precisely controlled bio-nanopatterns, printed electronic components, and sensors/actuators are all examples of such surface features. However, the vast majority of the refined technologies that are currently available for creating functional surface features work only on flat surfaces. Here we present initially flat constructs that upon triggering by high temperatures change their shape to a pre-programmed 3D shape, thereby enabling the combination of surface-related functionalities with complex 3D shapes. A number of shape-shifting materials have been proposed during the last few years based on various types of advanced technologies. The proposed techniques often require multiple fabrication steps and special materials, while being limited in terms of the 3D shapes they could achieve. The approach presented here is a single-step printing process that requires only a hobbyist 3D printer and inexpensive off-the-shelf materials. It also lends itself to a host of design strategies based on self-folding origami, instability-driven pop-up, and ‘sequential’ shape-shifting to unprecedentedly expand the space of achievable 3D shapes. This combination of simplicity and versatility is a key to widespread applications.

中文翻译：

---

使用爱好者3D打印机对2D / 3D变形进行编程

具有高级功能的材料和设备通常需要将复杂的3D形状与引起功能的表面特征相结合。精确控制的生物纳米图案，印刷的电子元件以及传感器/执行器都是此类表面特征的示例。但是，目前可用于创建功能性表面特征的绝大多数改进技术仅在平坦表面上起作用。在这里，我们介绍了最初的扁平结构，一旦受到高温的触发，它们的形状就会变成预先编程的3D形状，从而使表面相关功能与复杂3D形状结合起来。在最近几年中，基于各种类型的先进技术，已经提出了许多变形材料。所提出的技术通常需要多个制造步骤和特殊材料，同时在其可以实现的3D形状方面受到限制。这里介绍的方法是一个单步打印过程，只需要一个爱好者3D打印机和便宜的现成材料即可。它还适用于基于自折叠折纸，不稳定驱动的弹出窗口和“顺序”形状转换的一系列设计策略，以前所未有地扩展可实现的3D形状的空间。简单性和多功能性的结合是广泛应用的关键。它还适用于基于自折叠折纸，不稳定驱动的弹出窗口和“顺序”形状转换的一系列设计策略，以前所未有地扩展可实现的3D形状的空间。简单性和多功能性的结合是广泛应用的关键。它还适用于基于自折叠折纸，不稳定驱动的弹出窗口和“顺序”形状转换的一系列设计策略，以前所未有地扩展可实现的3D形状的空间。简单性和多功能性的结合是广泛应用的关键。