Despite decades of surveillance and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics around the world each year. The key process underlying these recurrent epidemics is the evolution of the viruses to escape the immunity that is induced by prior infection or vaccination. Although we are beginning to understand the processes that underlie the evolutionary dynamics of seasonal influenza viruses, the timing and nature of emergence of new virus strains remain mostly unpredictable. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular determinants of influenza virus immune escape, sources of evolutionary selection pressure, population dynamics of influenza viruses and prospects for better influenza virus control.

中文翻译：

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季节性流感病毒的演变

尽管进行了数十年的监视以及药物和非药物干预，但季节性流感病毒每年仍继续在世界各地引起流行病。这些复发性流行病的关键过程是病毒的进化，以逃避先前感染或接种疫苗诱导的免疫力。尽管我们开始了解构成季节性流感病毒进化动力的过程，但新病毒株出现的时机和性质仍然大多是无法预测的。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了在理解流感病毒免疫逃逸的分子决定因素，进化选择压力的来源，流感病毒的种群动态以及更好控制流感病毒的前景方面的最新进展。