The 'cognitive map' hypothesis proposes that brain builds a unified representation of the spatial environment to support memory and guide future action. Forty years of electrophysiological research in rodents suggest that cognitive maps are neurally instantiated by place, grid, border and head direction cells in the hippocampal formation and related structures. Here we review recent work that suggests a similar functional organization in the human brain and yields insights into how cognitive maps are used during spatial navigation. Specifically, these studies indicate that (i) the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex support map-like spatial codes, (ii) posterior brain regions such as parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortices provide critical inputs that allow cognitive maps to be anchored to fixed environmental landmarks, and (iii) hippocampal and entorhinal spatial codes are used in conjunction with frontal lobe mechanisms to plan routes during navigation. We also discuss how these three basic elements of cognitive map based navigation-spatial coding, landmark anchoring and route planning-might be applied to nonspatial domains to provide the building blocks for many core elements of human thought.

中文翻译：

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人类的认知图：空间导航及其他。

“认知图”假说提出，大脑建立空间环境的统一表示，以支持记忆并指导未来的行动。在啮齿动物中进行的40年的电生理研究表明，认知图是由海马结构和相关结构中的位置，网格，边界和头部方向细胞在神经上实例化的。在这里，我们回顾了最近的工作，这些工作表明了人类大脑中类似的功能组织，并提供了有关在空间导航过程中如何使用认知图的见解。具体而言，这些研究表明（i）人类海马和内嗅皮层支持类似地图的空间代码，（ii）后脑区域（如海马旁和脾后皮质）提供了关键输入，使认知图可以固定在固定的环境地标上，（iii）将海马和内在空间代码与额叶机制结合使用，以计划航行期间的路线。我们还将讨论如何将基于认知地图的导航空间编码，地标锚定和路线规划这三个基本要素应用于非空间领域，从而为人类思想的许多核心要素提供基础。