The population of infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) varies by world region; in countries with well developed neonatal intensive care services, the highest risk infants are those born at less than 28 weeks gestational age (GA) and less than 1 kg at birth, while, in regions where many aspects of neonatal intensive and ophthalmological care are not routinely available, more mature infants up to 2000 g at birth and 37 weeks GA are also at risk for severe ROP. Treatment options for both groups of patients include standard retinal laser photocoagulation or, more recently, intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs. In addition to detection and treatment of ROP, this review highlights new opportunities created by telemedicine, where screening and diagnosis of ROP in remote locations can be undertaken by non-ophthalmologists using digital fundus cameras. The ophthalmological care of the ROP infant is undertaken in the wider context of neonatal care and general wellbeing of the infant. Because of this context, this review takes a multi-disciplinary perspective with contributions from retinal vascular biologists, pediatric ophthalmologists, an epidemiologist and a neonatologist. This review highlights the latest insights regarding cellular and molecular mechanisms in the formation of the retinal vasculature in the human infant, pathogenesis of ROP, detection and treatment of severe ROP, the risks and benefits of anti-VEGF therapy, the identification of new therapies over the horizon, and the optimal neonatal care regimen for best ROP outcomes, and the benefits and pitfalls of telemedicine in the remote screening and diagnosis of ROP, all of which have the potential to improve ROP outcomes.

有风险的早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）婴儿的数量因世界地区而异；在新生儿重症监护服务发达的国家中，最高风险的婴儿是胎龄小于28周且出生时体重小于1千克的婴儿，而在新生儿重症监护和眼科护理很多方面均未涉及的地区常规情况下，出生时体重不超过2000 g，GA≥37周的更成熟的婴儿也有发生严重ROP的风险。两组患者的治疗选择均包括标准视网膜激光光凝术或最近的玻璃体内抗VEGF药物。除了对ROP进行检测和治疗外，本篇评论还重点介绍了远程医疗所带来的新机遇，非眼科医生可以使用数字眼底照相机在偏远地区对ROP进行筛查和诊断。ROP婴儿的眼科护理是在更广泛的新生儿护理和婴儿总体健康的背景下进行的。由于这种背景，本文从视网膜血管生物学家，小儿眼科专家，流行病学家和新生儿专家的角度进行了多学科研究。这篇综述重点介绍了有关人类婴儿视网膜脉管系统形成中的细胞和分子机制，ROP的发病机理，严重ROP的检测和治疗，抗VEGF治疗的风险和益处，新的治疗方法的鉴定等方面的最新见解。视野，以及最佳ROP结果的最佳新生儿护理方案，