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The last Neanderthal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( IF 11.1 ) Pub Date : 2017-09-25 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714533114
Jean-Jacques Hublin 1
Affiliation  

The mechanism of the Neanderthal extinction and their replacement by modern humans of African origin is one of the most discussed issues in paleoanthropology. Central to this discussion are the questions of the chronological overlap between Neanderthal populations and modern humans in Western Eurasia and the precise geographical circumstances of this overlap. For a long time, the Vindija (Croatia) site was considered to provide solid evidence for a long survival of Neanderthals in Central/Southern Europe. Not only did directly dated Neanderthal remains from layer G1 of the site provide radiocarbon ages postdating the most widely accepted transition time of 40–35,000 radiocarbon years ago (1), but the same layer also yielded a type of split-based bone points commonly assigned to the Aurignacian (2), a stone artefact industry of the early Upper Paleolithic that, to date, only yielded human remains of a modern nature (3). For some, this situation implied the possibility of a long and complex interaction between the two groups of hominins in this region and also falsified the notion of a systematic association between defined archaeological assemblages and specific biological populations at the time of the replacement. In PNAS, Devièse et al. (4) provide new radiocarbon dates for the same Vindija Neanderthal samples, dating them to before 40,00014C B.P., significantly older than previous efforts dating this material to 29–28,000 and 33–32,000 radiocarbon years (1). The bone points of layer G1 could not be dated, but the range of ages obtained from faunal and human samples in this layer suggests taphonomic mixing as a likely mechanism to explain their stratigraphic association in this part of the Vindija stratigraphic sequence. The situation in Vindija is therefore not at all exceptional, and previous results can be explained by the effect of sample contamination and layer admixture.

中文翻译:

最后的尼安德特人

尼安德特人灭绝的机制以及被非洲裔现代人类替代的机制是古人类学中讨论最多的问题之一。讨论的核心是西欧亚大陆的尼安德特人与现代人类之间的时间顺序重叠以及这种重叠的确切地理环境。长期以来,人们认为Vindija(克罗地亚)遗址为尼安德特人在中欧/南欧的长期生存提供了坚实的证据。站点G1层的直接年代为尼安德特人的残骸不仅提供了放射性碳年龄,早于40到35,000年前最广泛接受的过渡时间(1),而且同一层还产生了一种通常基于分裂的骨点类型到奥里尼亚克人(2),上旧石器时代早期的一种人造石制品业,迄今为止仅产生了具有现代性质的人类遗骸(3)。对于某些人而言,这种情况暗示了该地区两组人类之间长期而复杂的相互作用的可能性,并且也伪造了替换时已定义的考古组合与特定生物种群之间系统关联的概念。在PNAS中,Devièse等人。(4)为相同的Vindija尼安德特人样品提供新的放射性碳数据日期,将其日期定为40,00014C BP之前,比以前将该材料定为29–28,000和33–32,000放射性碳年的努力要早得多(1)。图层G1的骨骼点无法标出日期,但是在这一层中从动物和人类样本获得的年龄范围表明,垂体混合可能是解释Vindija地层层序这一部分地层联系的一种可能机制。因此,在Vindija的情况并非完全例外,以前的结果可以通过样品污染和层掺合的影响来解释。
更新日期:2017-09-26
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