Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment strategy for allergic diseases and has been used for more than 100 years. In recent years, however, the expectations on concepts, conduct, statistical evaluation, and reporting have developed significantly. Products have undergone dose-response and confirmative studies in adults and children to provide evidence for the optimal dosage, safety, and efficacy of AIT vaccines using subcutaneous and sublingual delivery pathways in large patient cohorts, ensuring solid conclusions to be drawn from them for the advantage of patients and societies alike. Those standards should be followed today, and products answering to them should be preferred over others lacking optimization and proof of efficacy and safety. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of AIT include early mast cell and basophil desensitization effects, regulation of T- and B-cell responses, regulation of IgE and IgG₄ production, and inhibition of responses from eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils in the affected tissues. There were many developments to improve vaccination strategies, demonstration of new molecules involved in molecular mechanisms, and demonstration of new biomarkers for AIT during the last few years. The combination of probiotics, vitamins, and biological agents with AIT is highlighting current advances. Development of allergoids and recombinant and hypoallergenic vaccines to skew the immune response from IgE to IgG₄ and regulation of dendritic cell, mast cell, basophil, innate lymphoid cell, T-cell, and B-cell responses to allergens are also discussed in detail.

变应原免疫疗法（AIT）是一种有效的变应性疾病治疗策略，已经使用了100多年。但是，近年来，人们对概念，行为，统计评估和报告的期望有了很大的提高。产品已在成人和儿童中进行了剂量反应和确证研究，以提供证据证明在大型患者队列中使用皮下和舌下递送途径，AIT疫苗的最佳剂量，安全性和有效性，从而确保从中得出可靠的结论病人和社会都一样。这些标准应在今天得到遵守，与之相对应的产品应优先于那些缺乏优化以及功效和安全性证明的产品。₄产生，并抑制受影响组织中嗜酸性粒细胞，肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的应答。在过去的几年中，有许多发展来改进疫苗接种策略，展示参与分子机制的新分子以及展示AIT的新生物标记。益生菌，维生素和生物制剂与AIT的结合突出了当前的进展。还详细讨论了变态反应动物以及重组和低变应原性疫苗的开发，以偏斜从IgE到IgG ₄的免疫反应，以及调节树突状细胞，肥大细胞，嗜碱性粒细胞，先天性淋巴样细胞，T细胞和B细胞对变应原的反应。