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Polymorphic phase transitions: Macroscopic theory and molecular simulation
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews ( IF 16.1 ) Pub Date : 2017-09-20 , DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.017
Jamshed Anwar , Dirk Zahn

Transformations in the solid state are of considerable interest, both for fundamental reasons and because they underpin important technological applications. The interest spans a wide spectrum of disciplines and application domains. For pharmaceuticals, a common issue is unexpected polymorphic transformation of the drug or excipient during processing or on storage, which can result in product failure. A more ambitious goal is that of exploiting the advantages of metastable polymorphs (e.g. higher solubility and dissolution rate) while ensuring their stability with respect to solid state transformation. To address these issues and to advance technology, there is an urgent need for significant insights that can only come from a detailed molecular level understanding of the involved processes. Whilst experimental approaches at best yield time- and space-averaged structural information, molecular simulation offers unprecedented, time-resolved molecular-level resolution of the processes taking place. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical account of state-of-the-art methods for modelling polymorph stability and transitions between solid phases. This is flanked by revisiting the associated macroscopic theoretical framework for phase transitions, including their classification, proposed molecular mechanisms, and kinetics. The simulation methods are presented in tutorial form, focusing on their application to phase transition phenomena. We describe molecular simulation studies for crystal structure prediction and polymorph screening, phase coexistence and phase diagrams, simulations of crystal-crystal transitions of various types (displacive/martensitic, reconstructive and diffusive), effects of defects, and phase stability and transitions at the nanoscale. Our selection of literature is intended to illustrate significant insights, concepts and understanding, as well as the current scope of using molecular simulations for understanding polymorphic transitions in an accessible way, rather than claiming completeness. With exciting prospects in both simulation methods development and enhancements in computer hardware, we are on the verge of accessing an unprecedented capability for designing and developing dosage forms and drug delivery systems in silico, including tackling challenges in polymorph control on a rational basis.



中文翻译:

多态相变:宏观理论和分子模拟

固态转换非常重要,无论是出于根本原因还是因为它们都支撑着重要的技术应用。兴趣涉及广泛的学科和应用领域。对于药品而言,一个普遍的问题是在加工过程中或在储存过程中,药物或赋形剂发生了意想不到的多态转化,这可能导致产品失效。一个更宏伟的目标是,在确保亚稳多晶型物相对于固态转化的稳定性的同时,充分利用亚稳多晶型物的优势(例如,更高的溶解度和溶解速度)。为了解决这些问题并提高技术水平,迫切需要大量的见识,这些见识只能来自对所涉及过程的分子水平的详细了解。尽管实验方法可以最好地获得时空平均的结构信息,但是分子模拟提供了空前的,时间分辨的过程级分子分辨率。这篇综述的目的是为建模多晶型物的稳定性和固相之间的过渡提供最先进的方法的全面而严格的说明。通过重新研究相变的相关宏观理论框架,包括相变的分类,提出的分子机制和动力学,可以侧重于此。仿真方法以教程形式提供,重点介绍了它们在相变现象中的应用。我们描述了用于晶体结构预测和多晶型物筛选,相共存和相图的分子模拟研究,模拟各种类型(位移/马氏体,重构和扩散)的晶体-晶体转变,缺陷的影响以及纳米级的相稳定性和转变。我们选择的文献旨在说明重要的见解,概念和理解,以及当前使用分子模拟以可访问的方式理解多态转变而不是主张完整性的范围。在模拟方法开发和计算机硬件增强方面都具有令人兴奋的前景,我们即将获得前所未有的能力来设计和开发计算机模拟剂型和药物输送系统,包括在合理的基础上应对多晶型物控制方面的挑战。以及纳米级的相稳定性和跃迁。我们选择的文献旨在说明重要的见解,概念和理解,以及当前使用分子模拟以可访问的方式理解多态转变而不是主张完整性的范围。在仿真方法开发和计算机硬件增强方面都具有令人兴奋的前景,我们即将获得前所未有的能力来设计和开发计算机模拟剂型和药物输送系统,包括在合理的基础上应对多晶型物控制方面的挑战。以及纳米级的相稳定性和跃迁。我们选择的文献旨在说明重要的见解,概念和理解,以及当前使用分子模拟以可访问的方式理解多态转变而不是主张完整性的范围。在模拟方法开发和计算机硬件增强方面都具有令人兴奋的前景,我们即将获得前所未有的能力来设计和开发计算机模拟剂型和药物输送系统,包括在合理的基础上应对多晶型物控制方面的挑战。以及当前使用分子模拟以可访问的方式而不是要求完整性来理解多晶型转变的范围。在仿真方法开发和计算机硬件增强方面都具有令人兴奋的前景,我们即将获得前所未有的能力来设计和开发计算机模拟剂型和药物输送系统,包括在合理的基础上应对多晶型物控制方面的挑战。以及当前使用分子模拟以可访问的方式而不是要求完整性来理解多晶型转变的范围。在模拟方法开发和计算机硬件增强方面都具有令人兴奋的前景,我们即将获得前所未有的能力来设计和开发计算机模拟剂型和药物输送系统,包括在合理的基础上应对多晶型物控制方面的挑战。

更新日期:2017-09-20
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