Despite the wide success of antibiotics in modern medicine, the treatment of bacterial infections still faces critical challenges, especially due to the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance. As a result, local antimicrobial treatment aimed at enhancing drug concentration at the site of infection while avoiding systemic exposure is becoming increasingly attractive, as it may alleviate resistance development. Meanwhile, therapeutic nanoparticles, especially liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles, are gaining traction to improve the therapeutic efficacy with many applications specifically focused on local antimicrobial treatment. This review highlights topics where nanoparticle-based strategies hold significant potential to advance treatment against local bacterial infections, including (1) promoting antibiotic localization to the pathogen, (2) modulating drug-pathogen interaction against antibiotic resistance, and (3) enabling novel anti-virulence approaches for ‘drug-free’ antimicrobial activity. In each area, we highlight the innovative antimicrobial strategies tailored for local applications and review the progress made for the treatment of bacterial infections.

尽管抗生素在现代医学中取得了广泛的成功，但是细菌感染的治疗仍然面临着严峻的挑战，特别是由于抗生素耐药性的迅速出现。结果，旨在提高感染部位的药物浓度同时避免全身性暴露的局部抗菌治疗正变得越来越有吸引力，因为它可以减轻耐药性的发展。同时，治疗性纳米颗粒，尤其是脂质体，聚合物纳米颗粒，树枝状聚合物和无机纳米颗粒，正受到越来越多的关注，以改善治疗效果，其中许多应用专门针对局部抗菌治疗。这篇评论重点介绍了基于纳米颗粒的策略在促进针对局部细菌感染的治疗方面具有巨大潜力的主题，包括（1）促进抗生素对病原体的定位，（2）调节针对抗生素抗性的药物-病原体相互作用，以及（3）为“无药”抗微生物活性提供新颖的抗毒方法。在每个领域，我们重点介绍针对当地应用量身定制的创新抗菌策略，并回顾在细菌感染治疗方面取得的进展。