Photon upconversion based on triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) has attracted much interest because of its possible applications to renewable energy production and biological fields. In particular, the UC of near-infrared (NIR) light to visible (vis) light is imperative to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit of single-junction photovoltaic cells, and the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production from water can also be improved with the aid of vis-to-ultraviolet (UV) UC. However, both processes have met limitations in the wavelength range, efficiency, and sensitivity for weak incident light.

中文翻译：

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光子上转换的新三重态敏化途径：热活化延迟荧光分子，无机纳米晶体和单重态至三重态吸收

基于三重态-三重态an灭（TTA-UC）的光子上转换因其可能应用于可再生能源生产和生物领域而备受关注。特别是，要克服单结光伏电池的Shockley-Queisser极限，必须采用近红外（NIR）到可见（vis）光的UC，并且通过使用水可以提高光催化制氢的效率。紫外线对UC的帮助。但是，这两种工艺都在波长范围，效率和对弱入射光的灵敏度方面遇到了限制。