From plants to mammals, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) specifically recognize DNA, as a potential marker of either infection or damage. These receptors play critical roles in inflammation, immunity, and pathogen resistance. Importantly, given the ubiquity of DNA, its sensing must be tightly regulated. DNA localization plays a key role in recognition, as highlighted by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in the endosomal compartment and cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) in the cytoplasm. Sequence and structure also enhance recognition across species. Evidence in plants supports the sensing of extracellular DNA by PRRs, leading to calcium-dependent signaling, although no receptor has been definitively identified yet. Here, we review the shared and distinct features of DNA sensors, and their physiological functions, across the tree of life.

中文翻译：

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跨越生命之树的DNA感应

从植物到哺乳动物，模式识别受体（PRR）都可以特异性识别DNA，将其作为感染或破坏的潜在标记。这些受体在炎症，免疫和病原体抗性中起关键作用。重要的是，考虑到DNA的普遍性，必须严格调节其传感。DNA定位在识别中起关键作用，这一点由内体区室和环状GMP-AMP合酶（cGAS）中的Toll样受体9（TLR9）突显，而在细胞质中的黑素瘤2（AIM2）中则不存在。序列和结构还增强了跨物种的识别。植物的证据支持通过PRR感测细胞外DNA，从而导致钙依赖性信号传导，尽管尚未明确鉴定出任何受体。在这里，我们回顾了DNA传感器的共同特征和独特之处，以及它们的生理功能，