Although large amounts of pesticides are used annually and a majority enters the soil to form short- or long-term residues, extensive soil surveys for currently used pesticides (CUPs) are scarce. To determine the status of CUPs' occurrence in arable land in Central Europe, 51 CUPs and 9 transformation products (TPs) were analysed in 75 arable soils in the Czech Republic (CR) several months after the last pesticide application. Moreover, two banned triazines (simazine and atrazine) and their TPs were analysed because of their frequent detection in CR waters. Multi-residue pesticide analysis on LC-MS/MS after soil QuEChERS extraction was used. The soils contained multiple pesticide residues frequently (e.g. 51% soils with ≥ 5 pesticides). The levels were also noticeable (e.g. 36% soils with ≥ 3 pesticides exceeding the threshold of 0.01 mg/kg). After triazine herbicides (89% soils), conazole fungicides showed the second most frequent occurrence (73% soils) and also high levels (53% soils with total conazoles above 0.01 mg/kg). Frequent occurrence was found also for chloroacetanilide TPs (25% of soils), fenpropidin (20%) and diflufenican (17%). With the exception of triazines' negative correlation to soil pH, no clear relationships were found between pesticide occurrence and soil properties. Association of simazine TPs with terbuthylazine and its target crops proved the frequent residues of this banned compound originate from terbuthylazine impurities. In contrast, frequent atrazine-2-hydroxy residue is probably a legacy of high atrazine usage in the past. The occurrence and levels of compounds were closely associated with their solubility, hydrophobicity and half-life. The results showed links to CR water-monitoring findings. This study represents the first extensive survey of multiple pesticide residues in Central European arable soils, including an insight into their relationships to site and pesticide properties.

中文翻译：

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中欧可耕土壤中当前和最近使用的农药

尽管每年使用大量农药，并且大部分进入土壤形成短期或长期残留物，但对于目前使用的农药（CUP）的广泛土壤调查却很少。为了确定中欧地区耕地中银联的发生状况，在上次施用农药几个月后，对捷克共和国（CR）的75个耕地中的51个银联和9个转化产物（TP）进行了分析。此外，分析了两种禁用的三嗪（西马津和阿特拉津）及其总磷，因为它们在冷水中很容易被检测到。使用土壤QuEChERS萃取后，在LC-MS / MS上进行多残留农药分析。土壤中经常含有多种农药残留（例如51％的土壤中≥5种农药）。水平也很明显（例如，土壤中≥3种农药的36％超过了0.01 mg / kg的阈值）。继三嗪类除草剂（89％的土壤）后，康唑杀真菌剂的出现频率第二高（73％的土壤），而且含量也很高（53％的康唑总量超过0.01 mg / kg的土壤）。氯乙酰苯胺TPs（占土壤的25％），苯丙啶（20％）和二氟苯甲醚（17％）也经常发生。除了三嗪与土壤pH值呈负相关外，在农药的发生与土壤特性之间未发现明确的关系。辛嗪TP与叔丁嗪及其目标作物的联系证明，这种禁用的化合物的频繁残留物来自叔丁嗪杂质。相比之下，过去常见的at去津-2-羟基残基可能是高at去津用量的遗留物。化合物的出现和水平与其溶解度，疏水性和半衰期密切相关。结果表明与CR水监测结果有关。这项研究代表了对中欧可耕土壤中多种农药残留的首次广泛调查，包括对它们与场地和农药特性的关系的深入了解。