The population structure in Papua New Guinea reflects a Neolithic transition with high present-day genetic differentiation. Genetic history of Papua New Guinea peoples Papua New Guinea was likely a stepping stone for human migration from Asia to Australia. Bergström et al. analyzed genome-wide autosomal data from several peoples in Papua New Guinea and determined population structure, divergence, and temporal size changes on the island. A sharp genetic divide is evident between the highlands and lowlands that appears to have occurred 10,000 to 20,000 years ago, concurrent with the spread of crop cultivation and the trans-New Guinea language family. Science, this issue p. 1160 New Guinea shows human occupation since ~50 thousand years ago (ka), independent adoption of plant cultivation ~10 ka, and great cultural and linguistic diversity today. We performed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping on 381 individuals from 85 language groups in Papua New Guinea and find a sharp divide originating 10 to 20 ka between lowland and highland groups and a lack of non–New Guinean admixture in the latter. All highlanders share ancestry within the last 10 thousand years, with major population growth in the same period, suggesting population structure was reshaped following the Neolithic lifestyle transition. However, genetic differentiation between groups in Papua New Guinea is much stronger than in comparable regions in Eurasia, demonstrating that such a transition does not necessarily limit the genetic and linguistic diversity of human societies.

中文翻译：

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新几内亚独立历史中的新石器时代扩张，但具有强大的遗传结构

巴布亚新几内亚的人口结构反映了新石器时代的过渡和当今高度的遗传分化。巴布亚新几内亚人的遗传史巴布亚新几内亚很可能是人类从亚洲迁徙到澳大利亚的垫脚石。伯格斯特罗姆等人。分析了巴布亚新几内亚几个民族的全基因组常染色体数据，并确定了岛上的人口结构、分化和时间规模变化。高地和低地之间存在着明显的遗传鸿沟，这种鸿沟似乎出现在 10,000 至 20,000 年前，与农作物种植和跨新几内亚语系的传播同时发生。科学，本期第 14 页。1160年的新几内亚显示了自约5万年前（ka）以来就有人类居住，独立采用植物栽培约10ka，以及今天巨大的文化和语言多样性。我们对巴布亚新几内亚 85 个语言群体的 381 名个体进行了全基因组单核苷酸多态性基因分型，发现低地群体和高地群体之间在 10 至 20 ka 之间存在明显的鸿沟，并且后者缺乏非新几内亚语的混合。所有高地人在过去一万年内都有共同的祖先，同一时期人口大量增长，这表明人口结构在新石器时代生活方式转变后发生了重塑。然而，巴布亚新几内亚群体之间的遗传分化比欧亚大陆的类似地区要强得多，这表明这种转变并不一定限制人类社会的遗传和语言多样性。