Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths, its global incidence is rising, and continuing rises are predicted. The potential to diagnose lung cancers based on the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath has been attracting increasing attention with the development of new techniques and methodologies. However, despite many reports of VOC profiling in lung cancer patients, little is known about how specific biomarkers relate to the biochemical pathways involved in lung cancer development, and there is still no reliable method for diagnosing lung cancer at the early stages. This review summarizes some of the latest methods used for monitoring biomarkers in lung cancer patients, which could be applicable for clinical diagnosis. Techniques for capturing and pre-concentrating biomarkers, and the technologies used for subsequently determining them, are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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确定呼出气中挥发性有机化合物作为肺癌诊断生物标志物的最新进展

肺癌是癌症死亡的最常见原因，其全球发病率正在上升，预计还会继续上升。随着新技术和方法的发展，基于人类呼吸中挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 的测定来诊断肺癌的潜力越来越受到关注。然而，尽管有许多关于肺癌患者 VOC 分析的报道，但对特定生物标志物与肺癌发展中涉及的生化途径的关系知之甚少，并且仍然没有可靠的方法在早期诊断肺癌。本综述总结了一些用于监测肺癌患者生物标志物的最新方法，可用于临床诊断。捕获和预浓缩生物标志物的技术，