A loss of humoral tolerance is a hallmark of many autoimmune diseases and the detection of self-reactive antibodies (autoantibodies) of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype is widely used as a biomarker and diagnostic tool. However, autoantibodies might also be present in individuals without autoimmune disease, thus limiting their usefulness as a sole indicator of disease development. Moreover, while clear evidence exists of the pathogenic effects of autoantibodies in mouse model systems, the contribution of autoantibodies to the pathology of many autoimmune diseases has yet to be established. In this Review, the authors discuss the changes in total serum IgG and autoantibody glycosylation that occur during autoimmune disease and how these changes might help to predict disease development in the future. Furthermore, current knowledge of the signals regulating antibody glycosylation and how individual antibody glycoforms could be used to optimize current treatment approaches will be discussed.

中文翻译：

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自身免疫中的差异抗体糖基化：甜的生物标志物还是疾病活性的调节剂？

体液耐受性丧失是许多自身免疫性疾病的标志，免疫球蛋白G（IgG）同种型的自反应抗体（自身抗体）的检测已广泛用作生物标志物和诊断工具。但是，自身抗体也可能存在于没有自身免疫性疾病的个体中，因此限制了它们作为疾病发展的唯一指标的用途。此外，尽管存在明确的证据表明自身抗体在小鼠模型系统中具有致病作用，但尚未确定自身抗体对许多自身免疫性疾病病理的贡献。在本综述中，作者讨论了自身免疫性疾病期间发生的总血清IgG和自身抗体糖基化的变化，以及这些变化如何可能有助于预测未来的疾病发展。此外，