This paper proposes the use of the boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in flow and batch injection analysis (FIA and BIA) systems with multiple-pulse amperometric (MPA) detection for the determination of warfarin (WA) in pharmaceutical formulations. The electrochemical behavior of WA obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate buffer shows an irreversible oxidation process at +1.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The MPA was based on the application of two sequential potential pulses as a function of time on BDDE: (1) for WA detection at +1.2 V/100 ms and; (2) for electrode surface cleaning at −0.2 V/200 ms. Both hydrodynamic systems (FIA-MPA and BIA-MPA) used for WA determination achieved high precision (with relative standard deviations around 2 %, n=10), wide linear range (2.0−400.0 μmol L−1), low limits of detection (0.5 μmol L−1) and good analytical frequency (94 h−1 for FIA and 130 h−1 for BIA). The WA determination made by the proposed methods was compared to the official spectrophotometric method. The FIA-MPA and BIA-MPA methods are simple and fast, being an attractive option for WA routine analysis in pharmaceutical industries.

中文翻译：

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在 BIA 和 FIA 系统中使用掺硼金刚石电极通过多脉冲电流检测法简单快速地测定药物样品中的华法林

本文提出在流动和批量注射分析（FIA 和 BIA）系统中使用掺硼金刚石电极 (BDDE) 和多脉冲电流法 (MPA) 检测来测定药物制剂中的华法林 (WA)。通过循环伏安法 (CV) 在 0.1 mol L-1 磷酸盐缓冲液中获得的 WA 的电化学行为在 +1.0 V（相对于 Ag/AgCl）时显示出不可逆的氧化过程。MPA 基于在 BDDE 上作为时间函数的两个连续电位脉冲的应用：(1) WA 检测在 +1.2 V/100 ms 和；(2) 用于电极表面清洁，-0.2 V/200 ms。用于 WA 测定的两种流体动力学系统（FIA-MPA 和 BIA-MPA）均实现了高精度（相对标准偏差约为 2%，n=10）、线性范围宽（2.0-400.0 μmol L-1）、检测限低(0. 5 μmol L-1) 和良好的分析频率（FIA 为 94 h-1，BIA 为 130 h-1）。通过所提出的方法进行的 WA 测定与官方的分光光度法进行了比较。FIA-MPA 和 BIA-MPA 方法简单快速，是制药行业 WA 常规分析的一个有吸引力的选择。