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Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.5 ) Pub Date : 2017-07-27 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1039/c7ee01650f
Ilke Celik 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Adam B. Phillips 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 , Zhaoning Song 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 , Yanfa Yan 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 , Randy J. Ellingson 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 , Michael J. Heben 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 , Defne Apul 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliation  

Future high performance PV devices are expected to be tandem cells consisting of a low bandgap bottom cell and a high bandgap top cell. In this study, we developed a cradle-to-end of use life cycle assessment model to evaluate the environmental impacts, primary energy demand (PED), and energy payback time (EPBT) of four integrated two-terminal tandem solar cells composed of either Si bottom and lead-based perovskite (PKPb) top cells (Si/PKPb), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and PKPb (CIGS/PKPb), copper zinc tin selenide (CZTS) and PKPb (CZTS/PKPb), or tin-lead based perovskite (PKSn,Pb) and PKPb (PKSn,Pb/PKPb). Environmental impacts from single junction Si solar cells were used as a reference point to interpret the results. We found that the environmental impacts for a 1 m2 area of a cell were largely determined by the bottom cell impacts and ranged from 50% (CZTS/PKPb) to 120% of those of a Si cell. The ITO layer used in Si/PKPb, CZTS/PKPb, and PKSn,Pb/PKPb is the most impactful after the Si and CIGS absorbers, and contributed up to 70% (in PKSn,Pb/PKPb) of the total impacts for these tandem PVs. Manufacturing a single two-terminal device was found to be a more environmentally friendly option than manufacturing two constituent single-junction cells and can reduce the environmental impacts by 30% due to the exclusion of extra glass, encapsulation, front contact and back contact layers. PED analysis indicated that PKSn,Pb/PKPb manufacturing has the least energy-intensive processing, and the EPBTs of Si/PKPb, CIGS/PKPb, CZTS/PKPb, and PKSn,Pb/PKPb tandems were found to be ∼13, ∼7, ∼2, and ∼1 months, respectively. On an impacts per kW h of Si basis the environmental impacts of all the devices were much higher (up to ∼10 times). These results can be attributed to the low photoconversion efficiency (PCE) and short lifetime that were assumed. While PKSn,Pb/PKPb has higher impacts than Si based on current low PCE (21%) and short lifetime (5 years) assumptions, it can outperform Si if its lifetime and PCE reach 16 years and 30%, respectively. Among the configurations considered, the PKSn,Pb/PKPb structure has the potential to be the most environmentally friendly technology.

中文翻译:

串联配置钙钛矿和其他相关太阳能电池技术的环境分析

预期未来的高性能PV器件将是由低带隙底部电池和高带隙顶部电池组成的串联电池。在这项研究中,我们开发了从使用到使用的整个生命周期评估模型,以评估由以下两种构成的四个集成式两末端串联太阳能电池对环境的影响,一次能源需求(PED)和能量回收时间(EPBT)。硅底部和铅基钙钛矿(PK Pb)顶部电池(Si / PK Pb),硒化铜铟镓(CIGS)和PK Pb(CIGS / PK Pb),硒化铜锌锡(CZTS)和PK Pb(CZTS / PK Pb)或锡铅基钙钛矿(PK Sn,Pb)和PK Pb(PK Sn,Pb/ PK Pb)。单结硅太阳能电池的环境影响被用作解释结果的参考点。我们发现,对1 m 2面积的电池的环境影响很大程度上取决于底部电池的影响,范围从Si电池的50%(CZTS / PK Pb)到120%不等。Si / PK Pb,CZTS / PK Pb和PK Sn,Pb / PK Pb中使用的ITO层是仅次于Si和CIGS吸收剂的影响最大的层,贡献率高达70%(在PK Sn,Pb / PK Pb中))对这些串联PV的总影响。与制造两个组成的单结电池相比,制造单个二端子设备被认为是对环境更友好的选择,并且由于排除了额外的玻璃,封装,正面接触层和背面接触层,可以减少30%的环境影响。PED分析表明,制造PK Sn,Pb / PK Pb的能源消耗最少,Si / PK Pb,CIGS / PK Pb,CZTS / PK Pb和PK Sn,Pb / PK Pb的EPBT最低。发现双色膜分别为〜13,〜7,〜2和〜1个月。以每千瓦时硅的影响为基础,所有器件的环境影响都更高(高达约10倍)。这些结果可以归因于假定的低光转换效率(PCE)和短寿命。根据目前较低的PCE(21%)和较短的寿命(5年)的假设,PK Sn,Pb / PK Pb的影响要比Si高,但如果其寿命和PCE分别达到16年和30%,则其性能可能优于Si。在所考虑的配置中,PK Sn,Pb / PK Pb结构具有成为最环保技术的潜力。
更新日期:2017-09-13
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