Catalytic decomposition of organic air pollutants is attractive in environmental remediation but challenging because such reactions must take place at ambient temperature. To achieve sufficient catalytic activity at these conditions, the size, morphology and electric state of catalysts are critical. In particular, the interaction between noble metal and their ceramic supports is crucial for these catalysts. We herein elucidate the significance of strong metal-support interactions (SMSIs) and strong oxide-support interactions (SOSIs) in such catalysts. The SMSIs lead to embedded metal nanoparticles into ceramic supports hindering metal particle growth. For example, SMSIs in Pt-TiO₂ formed by NaBH₄ reduction at room temperature allows to stabilize Pt clusters of 1-2 nm in diameter. On the other hand, SMSIs in Ag-TiO₂ composites form crystalline TiO_x (x < 2) that is a highly active photocatalyst under the full range of visible light (400–800 nm). Furthermore, such embedded structures could enhance visible light absorption by plasmonic materials. The SOSIs take place between metals and supports through oxygen ligands forming their hetero-bimetallic structure (e.g. Cu-O-Ti). This enables visible-light absorption and facilitates the transfer of photo-excited electrons to the co-catalysts (e.g. TiO₂ to Cu) resulting in superior visible-light activity with quantum yield over 50%. Also, such interactions allow to stabilize small metal clusters and even single atoms on the supports to significantly facilitate the catalytic oxidation of pollutants at ambient temperature. For example, single Pd atoms on TiO₂ increase it photocatalytic NO_x removal by 9 times while only doubling its cost.

中文翻译：

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催化剂在环境修复中的金属-载体相互作用

有机空气污染物的催化分解在环境修复中具有吸引力，但具有挑战性，因为此类反应必须在环境温度下进行。为了在这些条件下获得足够的催化活性，催化剂的尺寸，形态和电态至关重要。尤其是，贵金属与其陶瓷载体之间的相互作用对于这些催化剂至关重要。我们在本文中阐明了这种催化剂中强金属-载体相互作用（SMSI）和强氧化物-载体相互作用（SOSI）的重要性。SMSI导致将金属纳米粒子嵌入陶瓷载体中，从而阻碍了金属粒子的生长。例如，NaBH ₄形成的Pt-TiO _2中的SMSI室温下的还原可稳定直径为1-2 nm的Pt团簇。另一方面，Ag-TiO ₂复合材料中的SMSI形成结晶TiO _x（x <2），在整个可见光范围内（400-800 nm），它是一种高活性的光催化剂。此外，这样的嵌入式结构可以增强等离子体材料对可见光的吸收。SOSI发生在金属和载体之间，通过氧配体形成其异双金属结构（例如Cu-O-Ti）。这实现了可见光吸收，并促进了光激发电子向助催化剂（例如TiO _2）的转移。（对Cu而言）产生优异的可见光活性，量子产率超过50％。同样，这样的相互作用还可以稳定小金属簇，甚至可以稳定载体上的单个原子，从而显着促进环境温度下污染物的催化氧化。例如，在TiO单个钯原子₂增加它的光催化NO _X除去了9倍，而只有加倍其成本。