With various promising applications demonstrated, nanofluidics has been of broad research interest in the past decade. As nanofluidics matures from a proof of concept towards practical applications, it faces two major barriers: expensive nanofabrication and ultra-low throughput. To date, the only material that enables nanofabrication-free, high-throughput, yet precisely controllable nanofluidic systems is the close-packed nanoparticle array, i.e. nanofluidic crystals. Recently, significant progress in nanofluidics has been made using nanofluidic crystals, including high-current ionic diodes, high-power energy harvesters, efficient biomolecular separation, and facile biosensors. Nanofluidic crystals are seen as a key to applying nanofluidic concepts to real-world applications. In this review, we introduce the key concepts and models in nanofluidic crystals, summarize the fabrication methods, and discuss the various applications of nanofluidic crystals in depth, highlighting their advantages in terms of simple fabrication, low cost, flexibility, and high throughput. Finally, we provide our perspectives on the future of nanofluidic crystals and their potential impacts.

中文翻译：

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纳米流体晶体：密堆积纳米颗粒阵列中的纳米流体

在展示了各种有前途的应用之后，纳米流体技术在过去十年中引起了广泛的研究兴趣。随着纳米流体从概念验证到实际应用的成熟，它面临两个主要障碍：昂贵的纳米加工和超低产量。迄今为止，唯一能够实现无纳米加工，高通量但可精确控制的纳米流体系统的材料是密排纳米颗粒阵列，即纳米流体晶体。最近，使用纳米流体晶体，包括高电流离子二极管，高功率能量收集器，有效的生物分子分离和简便的生物传感器，在纳米流体方面取得了重大进展。纳米流体晶体被视为将纳米流体概念应用于实际应用的关键。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了纳米流体晶体的关键概念和模型，总结了制造方法，并深入讨论了纳米流体晶体的各种应用，突出了它们在简单制造，低成本，灵活性和高产量方面的优势。最后，我们对纳米流体晶体的未来及其潜在影响提供了观点。