Increasing CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere is believed to have a profound impact on the global climate. To reverse the impact would necessitate not only curbing the reliance on fossil fuels but also developing effective strategies capture and utilize CO₂ from the atmosphere. Among several available strategies, CO₂ reduction via the electrochemical or photochemical approach is particularly attractive since the required energy input can be potentially supplied from renewable sources such as solar energy. In this Review, an overview on these two different but inherently connected approaches is provided and recent progress on the development, engineering, and understanding of CO₂ reduction electrocatalysts and photocatalysts is summarized. First, the basic principles that govern electrocatalytic or photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and their important performance metrics are discussed. Then, a detailed discussion on different CO₂ reduction electrocatalysts and photocatalysts as well as their generally designing strategies is provided. At the end of this Review, perspectives on the opportunities and possible directions for future development of this field are presented.

中文翻译：

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二氧化碳减排：从电化学到光化学方法

大气中CO _{2浓度的增加被认为对全球气候具有深远的影响。}为了扭转这种影响，不仅需要遏制对化石燃料的依赖，还需要制定有效的策略来捕获和利用大气中的CO _{2 。}在几种可用的策略中，通过电化学或光化学方法减少CO ₂特别有吸引力，因为所需的能量输入可以由可再生能源（例如太阳能）提供。_{在本综述中，概述了这两种不同但本质上相关的方法，并总结了 CO 2}还原电催化剂和光催化剂的开发、工程和理解方面的最新进展。首先，讨论了电催化或光催化CO ₂还原的基本原理及其重要的性能指标。然后，详细讨论了不同的CO ₂还原电催化剂和光催化剂及其总体设计策略。在本综述的最后，提出了对该领域未来发展的机遇和可能方向的看法。