The past several years have witnessed an explosion of successful ancient human genome-sequencing projects, with genomic-scale ancient DNA data sets now available for more than 1,100 ancient human and archaic hominin (for example, Neandertal) individuals. Recent 'evolution in action' analyses have started using these data sets to identify and track the spatiotemporal trajectories of genetic variants associated with human adaptations to novel and changing environments, agricultural lifestyles, and introduced or co-evolving pathogens. Together with evidence of adaptive introgression of genetic variants from archaic hominins to humans and emerging ancient genome data sets for domesticated animals and plants, these studies provide novel insights into human evolution and the evolutionary consequences of human behaviour that go well beyond those that can be obtained from modern genomic data or the fossil and archaeological records alone.

过去几年见证了成功的古人类基因组测序项目的爆炸式增长，现在可获得超过 1,100 名古人类和古人类（例如尼安德特人）个体的基因组规模的古 DNA 数据集。最近的“行动中的进化”分析已经开始使用这些数据集来识别和跟踪与人类适应新的和不断变化的环境、农业生活方式以及引入或共同进化的病原体相关的遗传变异的时空轨迹。连同从远古人类到人类的遗传变异适应性渗入的证据，以及新兴的驯化动植物古代基因组数据集，