Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.

将药物输送到眼后段是眼科的一项重要挑战，因为许多疾病会影响视网膜和脉络膜，从而导致视力或失明。目前，玻璃体内注射是向视网膜施用药物的选择方法，但是这种方法仅适用于特定情况（例如抗VEGF抗体和可溶性受体）。可以采用两种基本方法来改善视网膜药物的递送：玻璃体内药物的延长和/或视网膜靶向递送以及使用其他药物给药途径，例如眼周，脉络膜上膜，视网膜下，全身或局部。给药途径，药物和递送系统的性质决定了这些方法的有效性和安全性。药代动力学和药效学因素决定了药物作用所需的剂量率和剂量。另外，耐受性因素限制了眼药递送中许多材料的使用。这篇评论文章特别是从药代动力学的角度对视网膜药物的递送进行了严格的讨论。本文不包括对药物输送技术的详尽综述，因为它们最近已被多次综述。取而代之的是，我们旨在提供一种系统和定量的方法，以了解向后眼段给药的药代动力学因素。这篇评论是基于作者实验室的文献资料和未发表的数据。这篇评论文章特别是从药代动力学的角度对视网膜药物的递送进行了严格的讨论。本文不包括对药物输送技术的详尽综述，因为它们最近已被多次评价。取而代之的是，我们旨在提供系统且定量的关于后眼部分药物输送中药代动力学因素的观点。这篇评论是基于作者实验室的文献资料和未发表的数据。这篇综述文章特别是从药代动力学的角度对视网膜药物的递送进行了严格的讨论。本文不包括对药物输送技术的详尽综述，因为它们最近已被多次综述。取而代之的是，我们旨在提供系统且定量的关于后眼部分药物输送中药代动力学因素的观点。这篇评论是基于作者实验室的文献资料和未发表的数据。我们的目的是就向后眼节的药物输送中的药代动力学因素提供系统和定量的观点。这篇评论是基于作者实验室的文献资料和未发表的数据。我们的目的是提供有关向后眼段给药的药代动力学因素的系统和定量的观点。这篇评论是基于作者实验室的文献资料和未发表的数据。