Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and the normal tissue environment. Three broad pathways control polarization: epigenetic and cell survival pathways that prolong or shorten macrophage development and viability, the tissue microenvironment, and extrinsic factors, such as microbial products and cytokines released in inflammation. A plethora of advances have provided a framework for rationally purifying, describing, and manipulating macrophage polarization. Here, I assess the current state of knowledge about macrophage polarization and enumerate the major questions about how activated macrophages regulate the physiology of normal and damaged tissues.

中文翻译：

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巨噬细胞极化。

巨噬细胞极化是指巨噬细胞如何在空间和时间的给定点被激活。极化不是固定的，因为巨噬细胞具有足够的塑性，可以整合多种信号，例如来自微生物，受损组织和正常组织环境的信号。三大途径控制着极化：延长或缩短巨噬细胞发育和生存能力的表观遗传途径和细胞存活途径，组织微环境和外在因素，例如炎症中释放的微生物产物和细胞因子。大量的进步为合理地纯化，描述和操纵巨噬细胞极化提供了一个框架。这里，