Notably, many significant breakthroughs for a new generation of supercapacitors have been reported in recent years, related to theoretical understanding, material synthesis and device designs. Herein, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress toward mechanisms, new materials, and novel device designs for supercapacitors. Firstly, fundamental understanding of the mechanism is mainly focused on the relationship between the structural properties of electrode materials and their electrochemical performances based on some in situ characterization techniques and simulations. Secondly, some emerging electrode materials are discussed, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), MXenes, metal nitrides, black phosphorus, LaMnO₃, and RbAg₄I₅/graphite. Thirdly, the device innovations for the next generation of supercapacitors are provided successively, mainly emphasizing flow supercapacitors, alternating current (AC) line-filtering supercapacitors, redox electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors, metal ion hybrid supercapacitors, micro-supercapacitors (fiber, plane and three-dimensional) and multifunctional supercapacitors including electrochromic supercapacitors, self-healing supercapacitors, piezoelectric supercapacitors, shape-memory supercapacitors, thermal self-protective supercapacitors, thermal self-charging supercapacitors, and photo self-charging supercapacitors. Finally, the future developments and key technical challenges are highlighted regarding further research in this thriving field.

中文翻译：

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超级电容器的最新进展：从新的电极材料到新颖的器件设计

值得注意的是，近年来已报道了与理论理解，材料合成和器件设计有关的新一代超级电容器的许多重大突破。在这里，我们总结了超级电容器在机理，新材料和新颖器件设计方面的最新进展。首先，基于一些原位表征技术和模拟，对机理的基本理解主要集中在电极材料的结构性质与其电化学性能之间的关系。其次，讨论了一些新兴的电极材料，包括金属有机骨架（MOF），共价有机骨架（COF），MXenes，金属氮化物，黑磷，LaMnO ₃和RbAg ₄我₅ /石墨。第三，相继提供了下一代超级电容器的设备创新，主要强调流动超级电容器，交流（AC）线路滤波超级电容器，氧化还原电解质增强超级电容器，金属离子混合超级电容器，微型超级电容器（纤维，平面和三层）。尺寸）和多功能超级电容器，包括电致变色超级电容器，自修复超级电容器，压电超级电容器，形状记忆超级电容器，热自保护超级电容器，热自充电超级电容器和光自充电超级电容器。最后，在这个蓬勃发展的领域中，有关进一步研究的重点是未来的发展和关键的技术挑战。