Type 1 diabetes requires intensive self-management to avoid acute and long-term health complications. In the past two decades, substantial advances in technology have enabled more effective and convenient self-management of type 1 diabetes. Although proximal technologies (eg, insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitors, closed-loop and artificial pancreas systems) have been the subject of frequent systematic and narrative reviews, distal technologies have received scant attention. Distal technologies refer to electronic systems designed to provide a service remotely and include heterogeneous systems such as telehealth, mobile health applications, game-based support, social platforms, and patient portals. In this Review, we summarise the empirical literature to provide current information about the effectiveness of available distal technologies to improve type 1 diabetes management. We also discuss privacy, ethics, and regulatory considerations, issues of global adoption, knowledge gaps in distal technology, and recommendations for future directions.

中文翻译：

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远距离技术和1型糖尿病管理。

1型糖尿病需要加强自我管理，以避免急性和长期健康并发症。在过去的二十年中，技术的重大进步使1型糖尿病的自我管理更加有效和便捷。尽管近端技术（例如，胰岛素泵，连续血糖监测仪，闭环和人造胰腺系统）已成为频繁的系统和叙述性评论的主题，但远端技术却很少受到关注。远程技术是指旨在远程提供服务的电子系统，包括异构系统，例如远程医疗，移动医疗应用程序，基于游戏的支持，社交平台和患者门户。在这篇评论中，我们总结了经验文献，以提供有关可用的远端技术改善1型糖尿病管理有效性的最新信息。我们还将讨论隐私，道德和监管方面的考虑，全球采用的问题，远端技术的知识差距以及对未来方向的建议。