The interaction between the nervous and immune systems during aging is an area of avid interest, but many aspects remain unclear. This is due, not only to the complexity of the aging process, but also to a mutual dependency and reciprocal causation of alterations and diseases between both the nervous and immune systems. Aging of the brain drives whole body systemic aging, including aging-related changes of the immune system. In turn, the immune system aging, particularly immunosenescence and T cell aging initiated by thymic involution that are sources of chronic inflammation in the elderly (termed inflammaging), potentially induces brain aging and memory loss in a reciprocal manner. Therefore, immunotherapeutics including modulation of inflammation, vaccination, cellular immune therapies and “protective autoimmunity” provide promising approaches to rejuvenate neuroinflammatory disorders and repair brain injury. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries linking the aging immune system with the development of neurodegeneration. Additionally, we discuss potential rejuvenation strategies, focusing aimed at targeting the aging immune system in an effort to prevent acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration during aging.

衰老过程中神经系统和免疫系统之间的相互作用是一个令人关注的领域，但许多方面仍不清楚。这不仅是由于衰老过程的复杂性，而且还因为神经系统和免疫系统之间相互依赖以及相互之间的变异和疾病起因。大脑的衰老会导致全身系统衰老，包括与衰老相关的免疫系统变化。反过来，由胸腺退化引发的免疫系统衰老，特别是免疫衰老和T细胞衰老，是老年人慢性炎症的来源（称为发炎），有可能以相互影响的方式诱发脑衰老和记忆力减退。因此，免疫疗法包括调节炎症，接种疫苗，细胞免疫疗法和“保护性自身免疫”提供了振兴神经炎性疾病和修复脑损伤的有前途的方法。在这篇综述中，我们总结了将衰老的免疫系统与神经退行性发展联系起来的最新发现。此外，我们讨论了潜在的复兴策略，重点是针对衰老的免疫系统，以防止衰老过程中的急性脑损伤和慢性神经变性。