Although necessary, in vitro and in vivo studies are not fully successful at predicting nanomaterials toxicity. We propose to associate such assays to the biological monitoring of nanoparticles in clinical samples to get more relevant data on the chemical and physical nature and dose of nanoparticles found in humans. The concept is to establish the load of nanoparticles in biological samples of patients. Then, by comparing samples from different patient groups, nanoparticles of interest could be identified and a potential link between a given nanoparticle type and toxicity could be suggested. It must be confirmed by investigating the biological effects induced by these nanoparticles using in vitro or in vivo models (mechanistic or dose–response studies). This translational approach from the bedside to the bench and vice versa could allow a better understanding of the nanoparticle effects and mechanisms of toxicity that can contribute, at least in part, to a disease.

中文翻译：

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对患者吸入的纳米颗粒的生物监测：一种吸引人的方法，用于研究人类呼吸病理学与纳米颗粒暴露之间的因果关系

尽管必要，但体外和体内研究在预测纳米材料毒性方面并不完全成功。我们建议将此类测定法与临床样品中纳米颗粒的生物学监测相关联，以获取有关人体中发现的纳米颗粒的化学和物理性质以及剂量的更多相关数据。该概念是确定患者生物样品中纳米颗粒的负载量。然后，通过比较来自不同患者组的样品，可以鉴定出感兴趣的纳米颗粒，并且可以建议在给定的纳米颗粒类型和毒性之间建立潜在的联系。必须通过研究这些纳米粒子在体外或体内引起的生物学效应来证实模型（机械或剂量反应研究）。这种从床边到长椅的转换方法，反之亦然，可以更好地理解纳米颗粒的作用和毒性机制，这种作用至少可以部分导致疾病。