Neocortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkably diverse morphology, physiological properties and connectivity. Genetic access to molecularly defined subtypes of inhibitory neurons has aided their functional characterization in recent years. These studies have established that, instead of simply balancing excitatory neuron activity, inhibitory neurons actively shape excitatory circuits in a subtype-specific manner. We review the emerging view that inhibitory neuron subtypes perform context-dependent modulation of excitatory activity, as well as regulate experience-dependent plasticity of excitatory circuits. We then review the roles of neuromodulators in regulating the subtype-specific functions of inhibitory neurons. Finally, we discuss the idea that dysfunctions of inhibitory neuron subtypes may be responsible for various aspects of neurological disorders.

中文翻译：

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新皮层抑制神经元亚型的功能和功能障碍。

新皮层抑制神经元表现出明显不同的形态，生理特性和连接性。近年来，对抑制性神经元分子定义的亚型的遗传获取已帮助其功能表征。这些研究已经确定，抑制神经元不仅可以简单地平衡兴奋性神经元的活动，而且还可以以亚型特异性的方式主动形成兴奋性回路。我们审查了新兴的观点，抑制性神经元亚型执行上下文相关的兴奋性活动的调制，以及调节经验依赖的兴奋性电路的可塑性。然后，我们回顾了神经调节剂在调节抑制性神经元的亚型特异性功能中的作用。最后，