In this study, the potential toxicity of α-Fe₂O₃-NPs was investigated using a unicellular eukaryote model, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). The results showed that cell viability and proliferation were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) following exposure to 100–600 mg L⁻¹ for 24 h. The IC₅₀ and LC₅₀ values were 352 and 541 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Toxic effects were attributed to α-Fe₂O₃-NPs rather than iron ions released from the NPs. α-Fe₂O₃-NPs were accumulated in the vacuole and cytoplasm, and the maximum accumulation (3.95 mg g⁻¹) was reached at 12 h. About 48.6% of cells underwent late apoptosis/necrosis at 600 mg L⁻¹, and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at 50–600 mg L⁻¹. Biomarkers of oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Yca1, Nma111, Nuc1 and SOD) were significantly changed after exposure. These combined results indicated that α-Fe₂O₃-NPs were rapidly internalized in S. cerevisiae, and the accumulated NPs induced cell apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress.

中文翻译：

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线粒体功能障碍和通过诱导的氧化应激介导的凋亡的α-Fe _2个ö ₃纳米颗粒在酿酒酵母

在这项研究中，α-Fe的潜在毒性₂ ö _3个-nps使用单细胞真核生物模型，进行了调查酿酒酵母（酿酒酵母）。结果表明，暴露于100–600 mg L ^-1 24小时后，细胞活力和增殖显着降低（p <0.01）。IC ₅₀和LC ₅₀值分别为352和541 mg L ^-1。毒性作用是由于的α-Fe _2个ö ₃ -nps而不是从纳米粒释放的铁离子。的α-Fe ₂ ö ₃-NP在液泡和细胞质中积累，并且在12h达到最大积累（3.95mg g ^-1）。在600 mg L ^-1时，约48.6％的细胞经历晚期凋亡/坏死，而在50–600 mg L ^-1时，线粒体跨膜电位显着降低（p <0.01）。氧化应激的生物标志物[活性氧（ROS），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）]和凋亡相关基因（Yca1，Nma111，Nuc1和SOD）的表达均发生了显着变化接触。这些组合的结果表明的α-Fe ₂ ö ₃ -nps是在迅速内在酿酒酵母，和积累的NPs诱导线粒体损伤和氧化应激介导的细胞凋亡。