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Stress and stability: applying the Anna Karenina principle to animal microbiomes.
Nature Microbiology ( IF 28.3 ) Pub Date : 2017-Aug-24 , DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.121
Jesse R. Zaneveld , Ryan McMinds , Rebecca Vega Thurber

All animals studied to date are associated with symbiotic communities of microorganisms. These animal microbiotas often play important roles in normal physiological function and susceptibility to disease; predicting their responses to perturbation represents an essential challenge for microbiology. Most studies of microbiome dynamics test for patterns in which perturbation shifts animal microbiomes from a healthy to a dysbiotic stable state. Here, we consider a complementary alternative: that the microbiological changes induced by many perturbations are stochastic, and therefore lead to transitions from stable to unstable community states. The result is an 'Anna Karenina principle' for animal microbiomes, in which dysbiotic individuals vary more in microbial community composition than healthy individuals-paralleling Leo Tolstoy's dictum that "all happy families look alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way". We argue that Anna Karenina effects are a common and important response of animal microbiomes to stressors that reduce the ability of the host or its microbiome to regulate community composition. Patterns consistent with Anna Karenina effects have been found in systems ranging from the surface of threatened corals exposed to above-average temperatures, to the lungs of patients suffering from HIV/AIDs. However, despite their apparent ubiquity, these patterns are easily missed or discarded by some common workflows, and therefore probably underreported. Now that a substantial body of research has established the existence of these patterns in diverse systems, rigorous testing, intensive time-series datasets and improved stochastic modelling will help to explore their importance for topics ranging from personalized medicine to theories of the evolution of host-microorganism symbioses.

中文翻译:

压力和稳定性:将Anna Karenina原理应用于动物微生物组。

迄今为止研究的所有动物都与微生物的共生群落有关。这些动物微生物群通常在正常的生理功能和疾病易感性中起重要作用。预测它们对微扰的反应代表了微生物学的一项重要挑战。微生物组动力学的大多数研究测试了扰动将动物微生物组从健康状态转变为不良生物稳定状态的模式。在这里,我们考虑一个补充性的替代方案:由许多扰动引起的微生物变化是随机的,因此导致从稳定的社区状态过渡到不稳定的社区状态。结果是动物微生物群系的“安娜·卡列尼娜原理”,其中不良生物个体在微生物群落组成上的变化要比健康个体(与列夫·托尔斯泰相似)更多。“所有幸福的家庭看起来都一样;每个不幸的家庭都以自己的方式感到不快乐”。我们认为,安娜·卡列尼娜效应是动物微生物组对应激源的常见而重要的反应,应激源会降低宿主或其微生物组调节群落组成的能力。从暴露于高于平均温度的受威胁珊瑚的表面,到患有艾滋病毒/艾滋病的患者的肺部,发现了与安娜·卡列尼娜效应相符的模式。但是,尽管这些模式无处不在,但是某些常见的工作流很容易忽略或丢弃这些模式,因此可能被漏报了。现在,大量的研究已经确定了这些模式在各种系统,严格的测试中的存在,
更新日期:2017-08-24
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