Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly starts with an empiric trial of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and complementary lifestyle measures, for patients without alarm symptoms. Optimization of therapy (improving compliance and timing of PPI doses), or increasing PPI dosage to twice daily in select circumstances, can reduce persistent symptoms. Patients with continued symptoms can be evaluated with endoscopy and tests of esophageal physiology, to better determine their disease phenotype and optimize treatment. Laparoscopic fundoplication, magnetic sphincter augmentation, and endoscopic therapies can benefit patients with well-characterized GERD. Patients with functional diseases that overlap with or mimic GERD can be treated with neuromodulators (primarily antidepressants), or psychological interventions (psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy). Future approaches to treatment of GERD include potassium-competitive acid blockers, reflux-reducing agents, bile acid binders, injection of inert substances into the esophagogastric junction, and electrical stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

胃食管反流疾病（GERD）的管理通常从对没有警报症状的患者进行质子泵抑制剂（PPI）治疗和补充生活方式措施的经验性试验开始。优化治疗（改善PPI剂量的依从性和时机），或在特定情况下将PPI剂量增加至每天两次，可以减轻持续的症状。持续症状的患者可以通过内窥镜检查和食道生理检查进行评估，以更好地确定其疾病表型并优化治疗。腹腔镜胃底折叠术，电磁括约肌增强术和内窥镜治疗可以使GERD的患者受益。患有功能性疾病且与GERD重叠或模仿GERD的患者可以接受神经调节剂（主要是抗抑郁药）或心理干预（心理疗法，催眠疗法，认知行为疗法）。GERD的未来治疗方法包括钾竞争性酸阻滞剂，减少回流的药物，胆汁酸结合剂，将惰性物质注入食管胃交界处以及电刺激食管下括约肌。