T ranscatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) for failed surgical implants continues to evolve since the first transseptal and transapical procedures in 2006 and 2007, just more than 10 years ago (1). Unlike the native mitral valve, failed mitral bioprostheses were ideal targets; with known dimensions for choosing an appropriately sized transcatheter heart valve (THV), recognizable radiopaque and echogenic components to facilitate THV positioning, a rigid frame for THV anchoring, and a circular fabric-covered ring to facilitate THV sealing. Despite some initial stumbles, transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve (ViV) procedures can be extremely successful and reproducible (2–6). Intermediate follow-up is reassuring, although late follow-up is lacking (2,3).

中文翻译：

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二尖瓣手术失败时经导管二尖瓣置换术

自 2006 年和 2007 年首次经中隔和经心尖手术以来，用于失败的外科植入物的经导管二尖瓣置换术 (TMVR) 不断发展 (1)。与天然二尖瓣不同，失败的二尖瓣生物假体是理想的目标；具有用于选择合适尺寸的经导管心脏瓣膜 (THV) 的已知尺寸、可识别的不透射线和回声组件以促进 THV 定位、用于 THV 锚定的刚性框架以及用于促进 THV 密封的圆形织物覆盖环。尽管最初有一些失误，但经导管二尖瓣瓣中瓣 (ViV) 手术非常成功且可重复 (2-6)。中期随访令人放心，但缺乏后期随访 (2,3)。