To obtain highly reversible conversion reactions, high Coulombic efficiencies, and long lifetimes in SnO₂-based anodes for lithium storage, a new ternary SnO₂–Mn–graphite composite has been constructed by scalable ball-milling. It is demonstrated that nanosized Mn additives successfully inhibit Sn coarsening, and favor the formation of oxygen vacancies in SnO₂, which together promote the high reversibility of conversion reactions in lithiated SnO₂. The SnO₂–Mn binary hybrid with 30 wt% Mn contributes a stable long-life with a capacity retention of 100% after 900 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹. The ternary SnO₂–Mn–graphite composite demonstrates high average initial Coulombic efficiencies of ∼77%, large stable capacities of 850 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹, and long lifetimes of more than 1000 cycles at both high rates (2 A g⁻¹) and narrow potential ranges (0.01–2.4 V), with Coulombic efficiencies of 99.7%, which are among the best reported so far for SnO₂-based anode materials. The simple material design strategy and fabrication method, together with the excellent electrochemical performances, demonstrate that this new ternary SnO₂–Mn–graphite composite could contribute a new class of Sn-based anode materials for high capacity battery applications.

中文翻译：

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抑制晶粒粗化和诱导氧空位：Mn在实现高度可逆的转化反应和长寿命的SnO ₂ -Mn-石墨三元阳极中的作用

为了在锂存储基于SnO ₂的阳极中获得高度可逆的转化反应，高库仑效率和长寿命，已经通过可扩展的球磨工艺构造了一种新的三元SnO ₂ -Mn-石墨复合材料。事实证明，纳米尺寸的Mn添加剂可以成功地抑制Sn的粗大化，并有利于SnO ₂中氧空位的形成，共同促进了锂化SnO ₂中转化反应的高度可逆性。Mn含量为30 wt％的SnO ₂ -Mn二元杂化物在1 A g ^-1下经过900次循环后具有稳定的长寿命和100％的容量保持率。三元SnO ₂–Mn–石墨复合材料的初始库仑效率高达77％，在0.2 A g ^-1下具有850 mA hg ^-1的大稳定容量，并且在两种高速率下均具有超过1000个循环的长寿命（2 A g ^-1）和较窄的电位范围（0.01-2.4 V），库仑效率为99.7％，这是迄今为止基于SnO ₂的阳极材料中报告的最好的一种。简单的材料设计策略和制造方法，以及出色的电化学性能，证明了这种新型的三元SnO ₂ -Mn-石墨复合材料可以为高容量电池应用贡献一类新的Sn基负极材料。