Abstract Fuel cell and hydrogen technologies are re-gaining momentum in a number of sectors including industrial, tertiary and residential ones. Integrated biogas fuel cell plants in wastewater treatment plants and other bioenergy recovery plants are nowadays on the verge of becoming a clear opportunity for the market entry of high-temperature fuel cells in distributed generation (power production from a few kW to the MW scale). High-temperature fuel cell technologies like molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are especially fit to operate with carbon fuels due to their (direct or indirect) internal reforming capability. Especially, systems based on SOFC technology show the highest conversion efficiency of gaseous carbon fuels (e.g., natural gas, digester gas, and biomass-derived syngas) into electricity when compared to engines or gas turbines. Also, lower CO 2 emissions and ultra-low emissions of atmospheric contaminants (SO X , CO, VOC, especially NO X ) are generated per unit of electricity output. Nonetheless, stringent requirements apply regarding fuel purity. The presence of contaminants within the anode fuel stream, even at trace levels (sometimes ppb levels) can reduce the lifetime of key components like the fuel cell stack and reformer. In this work, we review the complex matrix (typology and amount) of different contaminants that is found in different biogas types (anaerobic digestion gas and landfill gas). We analyze the impact of contaminants on the fuel reformer and the SOFC stack to identify the threshold limits of the fuel cell system towards specific contaminants. Finally, technological solutions and related adsorbent materials to remove contaminants in a dedicated clean-up unit upstream of the fuel cell plant are also reviewed.

中文翻译：

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处理沼气固体氧化物燃料电池 (SOFC) 和熔融碳酸盐燃料电池 (MCFC) 工厂中的燃料污染物：催化和电催化活性表面的降解以及相关的气体净化方法

摘要 燃料电池和氢能技术在包括工业、第三产业和住宅在内的许多领域重新获得动力。如今，污水处理厂和其他生物能源回收厂中的集成沼气燃料电池厂即将成为分布式发电（从几千瓦到兆瓦级的发电量）高温燃料电池进入市场的明显机会。熔融碳酸盐燃料电池 (MCFC) 和固体氧化物燃料电池 (SOFC) 等高温燃料电池技术因其（直接或间接）内部重整能力而特别适合使用碳燃料。特别是，基于 SOFC 技术的系统显示出气态碳燃料（例如天然气、沼气、和生物质衍生的合成气）与发动机或燃气轮机相比转化为电能。此外，每单位电力输出产生较低的CO 2 排放和大气污染物（SO X 、CO、VOC，尤其是NO X ）的超低排放。尽管如此，关于燃料纯度的严格要求仍然适用。阳极燃料流中存在的污染物，即使是痕量水平（有时是 ppb 级）也会缩短燃料电池堆和重整器等关键部件的使用寿命。在这项工作中，我们回顾了在不同沼气类型（厌氧消化气和垃圾填埋气）中发现的不同污染物的复杂矩阵（类型和数量）。我们分析污染物对燃料重整器和 SOFC 堆的影响，以确定燃料电池系统对特定污染物的阈值限制。最后，