Owing to the outstanding advantages as electrical energy storage system, supercapacitors have attracted tremendous research interests over the past decade. Current research efforts are being devoted to improve the energy storage capabilities of supercapacitors through either discovering novel electroactive materials or nanostructuring existing electroactive materials. From the device point of view, the energy storage performance of supercapacitor not only depends on the electroactive materials themselves, but importantly, relies on the structure of electrode whether it allows the electroactive materials to reach their full potentials for energy storage. With respect to utilizing nanostructured electroactive materials, the key issue is to retain all advantages of the nanoscale features for supercapacitors when being assembled into electrodes and the following devices. Rational design and fabrication of self‐supported nanoelectrodes is therefore considered as the most promising strategy to address this challenge. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in designing and fabricating self‐supported nanoelectrodes for supercapacitors towards high energy storage capability. Self‐supported homogeneous and heterogeneous nanoelectrodes in the forms of one‐dimensional (1D) nanoarrays, two‐dimensional (2D) nanoarrays, and three‐dimensional (3D) nanoporous architectures are introduced with their representative results presented. The challenges and perspectives in this field are also discussed.

中文翻译：

---

超级电容器自支撑纳米电极设计和制造的最新进展

由于超级电容器作为电能存储系统的突出优势，在过去十年中引起了人们的广泛研究兴趣。当前的研究工作致力于通过发现新型电活性材料或对现有电活性材料进行纳米结构来提高超级电容器的储能能力。从器件角度来看，超级电容器的储能性能不仅取决于电活性材料本身，更重要的是取决于电极的结构是否能让电活性材料充分发挥其储能潜力。关于利用纳米结构电活性材料，关键问题是在组装成电极和后续器件时保留超级电容器纳米级特征的所有优势。因此，合理设计和制造自支撑纳米电极被认为是应对这一挑战的最有前途的策略。在这篇综述中，我们总结了设计和制造超级电容器自支撑纳米电极以实现高能量存储能力的最新进展。介绍了一维（1D）纳米阵列、二维（2D）纳米阵列和三维（3D）纳米多孔结构形式的自支撑同质和异质纳米电极，并展示了它们的代表性结果。还讨论了该领域的挑战和前景。