The ability to directly reprogram mature cells to alternative fates challenges concepts of how cell identities are maintained, erased, and acquired. Recent advances in understanding and overcoming hurdles to direct neuronal conversion have provided new insights into mechanisms that maintain cell identity programs and have enabled high efficiency reprogramming in vivo. We discuss key cell-intrinsic molecular and metabolic constraints that influence the establishment of a new identity as well as environmental inputs from injured brains that favor or harm the conversion process. Finally, we outline the challenges ahead with a particular focus on direct neuronal reprogramming in vivo.

中文翻译：

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直接神经元重编程：成就，障碍和成功之路。

直接将成熟细胞重编程为替代命运的能力挑战了如何维护，擦除和获取细胞身份的概念。在理解和克服直接神经元转换的障碍方面的最新进展为维持细胞身份程序并使体内高效重编程的机制提供了新见解。我们讨论了影响新身份建立的关键细胞内在分子和代谢限制，以及有利或损害转化过程的受伤大脑的环境输入。最后，我们概述了未来的挑战，特别是在体内直接进行神经元重编程方面。