Abstract Due to the plethora of nanomaterials being manufactured, it is crucial that their effects on human health are understood. It is not feasible to assess the safety of all nanomaterials using animal-based toxicity tests. There are also scientific, business, legislative and ethical drivers to reconsider the use of such toxicity tests. Utilising non-traditional methods has the potential to improve the human relevance of nanosafety assessment, reduce the numbers of animals that are used, and shift the paradigm to a ‘21st century’ approach that exploits recent scientific and technological advances. This article considers how application of the 3Rs principles can be used as a framework to support and guide this paradigm shift in the short, medium and long-term. Bringing the community together to facilitate the transition is necessary to ensure that tangible impacts are made on the efficiency and robustness of the nanosafety assessment process.

中文翻译：

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3R 作为支持 21 世纪纳米安全评估方法的框架

摘要 由于制造了大量纳米材料，因此了解它们对人类健康的影响至关重要。使用基于动物的毒性测试来评估所有纳米材料的安全性是不可行的。也有科学、商业、立法和道德驱动因素来重新考虑使用此类毒性测试。利用非传统方法有可能提高纳米安全评估的人类相关性，减少使用的动物数量，并将范式转变为利用最近科学和技术进步的“21 世纪”方法。本文考虑如何将 3R 原则的应用用作支持和指导这种短期、中期和长期范式转变的框架。