Abstract Nanoscale materials have long promised to revolutionize science and technology, with claims being sustained by both the advances in their fabrication and by the many fundamental studies that have been carried out to date, which have revealed fascinating properties when materials dimensions shrink all the way down to a few hundreds/thousands of atoms. In this ongoing hype, on one side we have the futuristic views and promises of ubiquitous devices in which the operating units will be eventually scaled down to individual atoms or molecules. On the other side, we have the more realistic (and already unfolding) scenario represented by nanoscale materials making their way in a wide variety of applications (not always and not necessarily flagged as “high-tech”) where downsizing truly brings about new or improved features that can be immediately exploited for some practical use. These applications have encompassed fields as disparate as medicine, biology, energy conversion and storage, catalysis, sensing, nanocomposite engineering, cosmetics, to cite the most popular ones. For a new technology to be pervasive and disruptive, the costs associated to the fabrication, the characterization and the assemblage of its key components have to drop quickly over time, while at the same time the material quality and the reproducibility of the various processes must keep improving. In the case of nanomaterials, we have not yet witnessed such an ubiquitous revolution, and one of the reasons is probably the lack of straightforward and reproducible synthetic protocols providing large amounts of nanomaterials and thus capable of efficient up-scaling to fulfil industrial needs. Another reason likely resides in the growing concern that nanomaterials will pose new threats to the environment, but this aspect will not be investigated here. In this review, we will touch upon the critical feature of nanomaterials science and engineering dealing with the high throughput synthesis, with a focus on materials prepared in the liquid phase, where the expertise of the authors of this review lays. As a note of caution to the reader, we will not cover in depth all existing approaches to large scale syntheses. Our discussion will be instead a broad summary of the main types of synthetic approaches developed to date, and which we believe will be useful to scientists and engineers who are approaching the fabrication of nanomaterials with an eye on their use in large-scale, industrial applications. The review has been written according to the principle “from the simple to the complex”: it begins with the simplest one-batch heat-up synthesis approach, followed by hot-injection methods and ends by discussing the more sophisticated continuous flow syntheses of nanoparticles. Similarly, in each section, wherever possible, the discussion will start from simpler compounds, (for example, one-component noble metal nanocrystals), and will then move on to more complex structures (from binary to ternary and even quaternary compounds, which will be mainly metal oxides and chalcogenides).

中文翻译：

---

胶体纳米材料的大规模合成

摘要 纳米级材料长期以来一直承诺会彻底改变科学和技术，其制造技术的进步和迄今为止进行的许多基础研究都证明了这一点，当材料尺寸一直缩小时，这些研究揭示了迷人的特性。到数百/数千个原子。在这种持续的炒作中，一方面，我们拥有无处不在的设备的未来主义观点和承诺，其中操作单元最终将缩小到单个原子或分子。另一方面，我们有更现实（并且已经展开）的场景，即纳米级材料在各种应用中（并不总是也不一定标记为“高科技”），其中缩小尺寸真正带来新的或改进的功能，这些功能可以立即被用于一些实际用途。这些应用涵盖了医学、生物学、能量转换和存储、催化、传感、纳米复合工程、化妆品等不同领域，列举了最流行的领域。新技术要普及和具有破坏性，与制造、表征和关键部件组装相关的成本必须随着时间的推移迅速下降，同时材料质量和各种工艺的可重复性必须保持不变。改善。在纳米材料的情况下，我们还没有目睹这样一场无处不在的革命，其中一个原因可能是缺乏提供大量纳米材料的直接和可重复的合成方案，从而能够有效地扩大规模以满足工业需求。另一个原因可能在于人们越来越担心纳米材料会对环境构成新的威胁，但这里不会调查这方面。在这篇评论中，我们将触及处理高通量合成的纳米材料科学和工程的关键特征，重点是在液相中制备的材料，这是这篇评论作者的专业知识所在。提醒读者注意，我们不会深入介绍所有现有的大规模合成方法。我们的讨论将是迄今为止开发的主要合成方法类型的广泛总结，我们相信这对正在研究纳米材料制造并着眼于纳米材料在大规模工业应用中的应用的科学家和工程师很有用. 该评论是根据“从简单到复杂”的原则编写的：从最简单的一次性加热合成方法开始，然后是热注射方法，最后讨论了更复杂的纳米粒子连续流动合成. 同样，在每个部分，只要有可能，讨论将从更简单的化合物（例如，单组分贵金属纳米晶体）开始，然后转向更复杂的结构（从二元到三元甚至四元化合物，