Metamaterials provide a challenge for materials analysis, as large-scale 3D geometries confound traditional methods. X-ray optics that allow for novel beam geometries and for more efficient use of conventional X-ray sources can be important in defect and structure analysis to close the loop between design and performance. Fortunately, metamaterials have also provided a new variety of array and structured X-ray optics. Because X-rays barely interact with materials, their index of refraction in any material is only slightly different from unity, so it is very difficult to make the sort of refractive optics that are used for visible light. Instead, diffraction can be used to control the direction or wavelength of X-rays. Structured diffractive optics include transmission gratings, artificial multilayers, and arrays of curved crystals. X-rays also have very high reflectivity at grazing incidence. This phenomenon allows for reflective arrays such as multipore and polycapillary optics.

中文翻译：

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用于实验室材料分析的结构化 X 射线光学器件

超材料对材料分析提出了挑战，因为大规模 3D 几何形状混淆了传统方法。X 射线光学器件允许采用新的光束几何形状并更有效地使用传统 X 射线源，这在缺陷和结构分析中非常重要，以关闭设计和性能之间的循环。幸运的是，超材料还提供了一系列新的阵列和结构化 X 射线光学器件。由于 X 射线几乎不与材料相互作用，因此它们在任何材料中的折射率仅略有不同，因此很难制造出用于可见光的折射光学器件。相反，衍射可用于控制 X 射线的方向或波长。结构化衍射光学元件包括透射光栅、人造多层膜和弯曲晶体阵列。X 射线在掠入射时也具有非常高的反射率。这种现象允许反射阵列，例如多孔和多毛细管光学元件。