Almost all drug molecules become the substrates for oxidoreductase enzymes, get metabolized into more hydrophilic products and eliminated from the body. These metabolites sometime may be more potent, active, inactive, or toxic in nature compared to parent molecule. Xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase belong to molybdenum containing family and are well characterized for their structures and functions, in particular to their ability to oxidize/hydroxylate the xenobiotics. Their upregulated clinical levels causing oxidative stress are associated with pathways either directly involved in the progression of diseases, gout, or indirectly with the succession of other diseases such as diabetes, cancer, etc. Herein, we have put forth a comprehensive review on the xanthine and aldehyde oxidases pertaining to their structures, functions, pathophysiological role, and a comparative analysis of structural insights of xanthine and aldehyde oxidases’ binding domains with endogenous ligands or inhibitors. Though both the enzymes are molybdenum containing and are likely to share some common pathways and interact with inhibitors in a similar manner but we have focused on structural prerequisites for inhibitor specificity to both the enzymes keeping in view of the existing X‐ray structures. This review also provides futuristic implications in the design of inhibitors derived from inorganic complexes or small organic molecules considering the spatial features and structural insights of both the enzymes.

中文翻译：

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理解黄嘌呤和醛氧化酶的结构见解：其抑制剂及其在多种疾病中的作用概述

几乎所有药物分子都成为氧化还原酶的底物，被代谢为亲水性更高的产物并从体内清除。与母体分子相比，这些代谢物有时在性质上可能更有效，更有活性，没有活性或更具毒性。黄嘌呤氧化还原酶和醛氧化酶属于含钼家族，其结构和功能，特别是其氧化/羟化异种生物的能力得到了很好的表征。它们引起氧化应激的临床水平上调与直接参与疾病，痛风发展的途径有关，或者与糖尿病，癌症等其他疾病的继发间接相关。在此，我们对黄嘌呤进行了全面的综述。和醛氧化酶有关的结构，功能，黄嘌呤和醛氧化酶与内源性配体或抑制剂的结合结构域的病理生理作用和结构见解的比较分析。尽管这两种酶都含有钼，并可能以相同的方式共享某些共同的途径并与抑制剂相互作用，但考虑到现有的X射线结构，我们集中于抑制剂对这两种酶的特异性的结构前提。考虑到这两种酶的空间特征和结构见解，该综述还为设计从无机配合物或有机小分子衍生的抑制剂提供了未来的意义。尽管这两种酶都含有钼，并可能以相同的方式共享某些共同的途径并与抑制剂相互作用，但考虑到现有的X射线结构，我们集中于抑制剂对这两种酶的特异性的结构前提。考虑到这两种酶的空间特征和结构见解，该综述还为设计从无机配合物或有机小分子衍生的抑制剂提供了未来的意义。尽管这两种酶都含有钼，并可能以相同的方式共享某些共同的途径并与抑制剂相互作用，但考虑到现有的X射线结构，我们集中于抑制剂对这两种酶的特异性的结构前提。考虑到这两种酶的空间特征和结构见解，该综述还为设计从无机配合物或有机小分子衍生的抑制剂提供了未来的意义。