Magnetic skyrmions are small swirling topological defects in the magnetization texture. Their stabilization and dynamics depend strongly on their topological properties. In most cases, they are induced by chiral interactions between atomic spins in non-centrosymmetric magnetic compounds or in thin films with broken inversion symmetry. Skyrmions can be extremely small, with diameters in the nanometre range, and behave as particles that can be moved, created and annihilated, which makes them suitable for ‘abacus’-type applications in information storage and logic technologies. Until recently, skyrmions had been observed only at low temperature and, in most cases, under large applied magnetic fields. An intense research effort has led to the identification of thin-film and multilayer structures in which skyrmions are now stable at room temperature and can be manipulated by electrical currents. The development of skyrmion-based topological spintronics holds promise for applications in the mid-term furure, even though many challenges, such as the achievement of writing, processing and reading functionalities at room temperature and in all-electrical manipulation schemes, still lie ahead.

磁天文离子是磁化纹理中的小旋涡形拓扑缺陷。它们的稳定性和动态性在很大程度上取决于其拓扑特性。在大多数情况下，它们是由非中心对称磁性化合物或具有反转反转对称性的薄膜中原子自旋之间的手性相互作用引起的。Skyrmion可以非常小，直径在纳米范围内，并且表现为可以移动，产生和消灭的粒子，这使其非常适合信息存储和逻辑技术中的“算盘”型应用。直到最近，仅在低温下，并且在大多数情况下，在大的外加磁场下才观察到天rm。大量的研究工作已导致鉴定出薄膜和多层结构，其中天体离子现在在室温下是稳定的，并且可以通过电流来操纵。尽管目前仍面临许多挑战，例如在室温下实现写入，处理和读取功能以及在全电操纵方案中，但基于Skyrmion的拓扑自旋电子学的发展有望在中期应用中取得成功。