Similar to other renewable energy sources, wind energy is characterized by a low power density. Hence, for wind energy to make considerable contributions to the world's overall energy supply, large wind farms (on- and offshore) consisting of arrays of ever larger wind turbines are being envisioned and built. From a fluid mechanics perspective, wind farms encompass turbulent flow phenomena occurring at many spatial and temporal scales. Of particular interest to understanding mean power extraction and fluctuations in wind farms are the scales ranging from 1 to 10 m that comprise the wakes behind individual wind turbines, to motions reaching 100 m to kilometers in scale, inherently associated with the atmospheric boundary layer. In this review, we summarize current understanding of these flow phenomena (particularly mean and second-order statistics) through field studies, wind tunnel experiments, large-eddy simulations, and analytical modeling, emphasizing the most relevant features for wind farm design and operation.

中文翻译：

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风电场中的流动结构和湍流

与其他可再生能源类似，风能的特点是功率密度低。因此，为了使风能对世界整体能源供应做出相当大的贡献，正在设想和建造由更大的风力涡轮机阵列组成的大型风电场（陆上和海上）。从流体力学的角度来看，风电场包含在许多空间和时间尺度上发生的湍流现象。理解风电场的平均功率提取和波动特别感兴趣的是从 1 到 10 m 的尺度范围，包括单个风力涡轮机后面的尾流，到达到 100 m 到公里尺度的运动，与大气边界层固有地相关联。在这次审查中，