Corals are fundamental ecosystem engineers, creating large, intricate reefs that support diverse and abundant marine life. At the core of a healthy coral animal is a dynamic relationship with microorganisms, including a mutually beneficial symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) and enduring partnerships with an array of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, protistan, and viral associates, collectively termed the coral holobiont. The combined genomes of this coral holobiont form a coral hologenome, and genomic interactions within the hologenome ultimately define the coral phenotype. Here we integrate contemporary scientific knowledge regarding the ecological, host-specific, and environmental forces shaping the diversity, specificity, and distribution of microbial symbionts within the coral holobiont, explore physiological pathways that contribute to holobiont fitness, and describe potential mechanisms for holobiont homeostasis. Understanding the role of the microbiome in coral resilience, acclimation, and environmental adaptation is a new frontier in reef science that will require large-scale collaborative research efforts.

中文翻译：

---

珊瑚微生物组的见解：加强珊瑚礁生态系统的健康和复原力

珊瑚是基础的生态系统工程师，创造出大而错综的珊瑚礁，为多样化和丰富的海洋生物提供支持。健康的珊瑚动物的核心是与微生物的动态关系，包括与光合鞭毛鞭毛藻的共生共生（Symbiodiniumspp。），并与一系列细菌，古细菌，真菌，原生动物和病毒同伴建立持久的合作关系，这些合作伙伴统称为珊瑚全虹膜。该珊瑚全生物的组合基因组形成了珊瑚完整基因组，并且完整基因组内的基因组相互作用最终定义了珊瑚表型。在这里，我们整合了有关现代生态知识的知识，这些知识涉及生态，特定宿主和环境的力量，这些力量塑造了珊瑚整体生物内部的微生物共生体的多样性，特异性和分布，探索了有助于整体生物适应性的生理途径，并描述了整体生物稳态的潜在机制。理解微生物组在珊瑚弹性，适应和环境适应中的作用是礁科学的一个新领域，需要进行大规模的合作研究。