The review compiles artificial cascades involving enzymes with a focus on the last 10 years. A cascade is defined as the combination of at least two reaction steps in a single reaction vessel without isolation of the intermediates, whereby at least one step is catalyzed by an enzyme. Additionally, cascades performed in vivo and in vitro are discussed separately, whereby in vivo cascades are defined here as cascades relying on cofactor recycling by the metabolism or on a metabolite from the living organism. The review introduces a systematic classification of the cascades according to the number of enzymes in the linear sequence and differentiates between cascades involving exclusively enzymes and combinations of enzymes with non-natural catalysts or chemical steps. Since the number of examples involving two enzymes is predominant, the two enzyme cascades are further subdivided according to the number, order, and type of redox steps. Furthermore, this classification differentiates between cascades where all reaction steps are performed simultaneously, sequentially, or in flow.

中文翻译：

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人工生物催化线性级联反应制备有机分子

该综述汇编了涉及酶的人工级联，重点是最近十年。级联定义为在不分离中间体的情况下在单个反应容器中至少两个反应步骤的组合，由此至少一个步骤被酶催化。另外，分别讨论了在体内和体外进行的级联反应，其中体内级联反应在此定义为依赖于通过代谢的辅因子循环或来自活生物体的代谢物的级联反应。该综述根据线性序列中酶的数量引入了级联的系统分类，并区分了仅涉及酶的级联以及酶与非天然催化剂或化学步骤的组合。由于涉及两种酶的实例数量居多，根据氧化还原步骤的数量，顺序和类型，可以进一步细分这两种酶的级联反应。此外，该分类区分了级联反应，其中所有反应步骤同时，依次或按流程进行。