Designing microscopic and nanoscopic self-propelled particles and characterising their motion have become a major scientific challenge over the past few decades. To this purpose, phoretic effects, namely propulsion mechanisms relying on local field gradients, have been the focus of many theoretical and experimental studies. In this review, we adopt a tutorial approach to present the basic physical mechanisms at stake in phoretic motion, and describe the different experimental works that led to the fabrication of active particles based on this principle. We also present the collective effects observed in assemblies of interacting active colloids, and the theoretical tools that have been used to describe phoretic and hydrodynamic interactions.

中文翻译：

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“油腻的”运动：活性胶体的电泳运动和集体行为

在过去的几十年中，设计微观和纳米自推进粒子并表征其运动已成为一项重大的科学挑战。为了这个目的，隐喻效应，即依赖于局部场梯度的推进机制，已经成为许多理论和实验研究的焦点。在这篇综述中，我们采用一种教程方法来介绍隐喻运动中所涉及的基本物理机制，并描述导致基于此原理制造活性粒子的不同实验工作。我们还介绍了在相互作用的活性胶体的组装中观察到的集体效应，以及用于描述电泳和流体动力相互作用的理论工具。