Elemental phosphorus (P) is extensively explored as promising anode candidates due to its abundance, low-cost and high theoretical specific capacity. However, it is of great challenge for P-based materials as practical high-energy-density and long-cycling anodes for its large volume expansion and low conductibility. Here, we significantly improve both cycling and rate performance of red P by cladding the nanoconfined P film on interconnected multi-walled carbon nanotube networks (P-MWCNTs composite) via facile wet ball-milling. The red P-MWCNTs anode presents a superior high reversible capacity of 1396.6 mAh g⁻¹ on the basis of P-MWCNTs composite weight at 50 mA g⁻¹ with capacity retention reaching at ∼90% over 50 cycles. Even at 1000 mA g⁻¹, it still maintains remarkable specific reversible capacity of 934.0 mAh g⁻¹. This markedly enhanced performance is ascribed to synergistic advantages of this unique structure: Intimate contacts between nanosized red P and entangled MWCNTs not only shorten the transmission routes of ions through MWCNTs toward red P, but also motivate the access with electrolyte to open structures of P film. Besides, the confined nanosized P film moderate volume expansions effectively and the entangled MWCNTs networks acted as conductive channels activate high ionic/electronic conductivity of the whole electrodes.

中文翻译：

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互连碳纳米管上的纳米约束磷膜涂层，作为锂离子电池的超稳定阳极

元素磷（P）由于其含量丰富，成本低和理论比容量高而被广泛用作有希望的阳极候选材料。然而，对于P基材料而言，由于其大体积膨胀和低导电性，因此作为实用的高能量密度和长循环阳极是巨大的挑战。在这里，我们通过方便的湿式球磨将纳米限制的P膜包覆在互连的多壁碳纳米管网络（P-MWCNTs复合材料）上，从而显着改善了红色P的循环性能和速率性能。基于P-MWCNTs复合重量为50 mA g ^-1时，红色P-MWCNTs阳极呈现出1396.6 mAh g ^-1的优异高可逆容量，在50个循环中容量保持率达到〜90％。即使在1000 mA g ^-1，它仍然保持了934.0 mAh g ^-1的显着比可逆容量。这种显着增强的性能归因于这种独特结构的协同优势：纳米红色P与缠结的MWCNT之间的紧密接触不仅缩短了离子通过MWCNT朝向红色P的传输路径，而且还激励了电解质的进入，从而形成P膜的开放结构。此外，受限的纳米级P膜有效地抑制了体积膨胀，缠结的MWCNTs网络作为导电通道激活了整个电极的高离子/电导率。