Hypoxia development in tumor is closely associated with its increased aggressiveness and strong resistance to therapy, leading to the poor prognosis in several cancer types. Clinically, invasive oxygen microelectrode and high dosage radiotherapy are often utilized to accurately detect and effectively fight hypoxia. Recently, however, there has been a surge of interdisciplinary research aiming at developing functional molecules and nanomaterials that can be used to noninvasively image and efficiently treat hypoxic tumors. In this review, we will provide an overview of the reports published to date on the imaging and therapy of hypoxic tumors. First, we will present the design concepts and engineering of various hypoxia-responsive probes that can be applied to image hypoxia noninvasively, in an order of fluorescent imaging, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. Then, we will summarize the up-to-date functional nanomaterials which can be used for the effective treatments of tumor hypoxia. The well-established chemical functions of these elaborately designed nanostructures will enable clinicians to adopt specific treatment concepts by overcoming or even utilizing hypoxia. Finally, challenges and future perspectives facing the researchers in the field will be discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于成像和治疗肿瘤缺氧的功能化探针的化学设计和合成

肿瘤的缺氧发展与其侵略性增强和对治疗的强烈抵抗力密切相关，导致几种癌症类型的预后不良。临床上，经常使用侵入性氧微电极和高剂量放疗来准确检测并有效对抗缺氧。然而，最近，跨学科研究激增，旨在开发可用于无创成像和有效治疗缺氧肿瘤的功能分子和纳米材料。在这篇综述中，我们将概述迄今发表的有关低氧性肿瘤的影像学和治疗的报告。首先，我们将介绍各种低氧反应性探针的设计概念和工程设计，这些探针可以按荧光成像的顺序无创地用于对低氧图像进行成像，正电子发射断层扫描，磁共振成像和光声成像。然后，我们将总结可用于有效治疗肿瘤缺氧的最新功能纳米材料。这些精心设计的纳米结构的完善的化学功能将使临床医生能够克服甚至利用缺氧来采用特定的治疗方案。最后，将讨论该领域研究人员面临的挑战和未来前景。这些精心设计的纳米结构的完善的化学功能将使临床医生能够克服甚至利用缺氧来采用特定的治疗方案。最后，将讨论该领域研究人员面临的挑战和未来前景。这些精心设计的纳米结构的完善的化学功能将使临床医生能够克服甚至利用缺氧来采用特定的治疗方案。最后，将讨论该领域研究人员面临的挑战和未来前景。