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Reconsidering the link between past material culture and cognition in light of contemporary hunter-gatherer material use. Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Duncan N. E. Stibbard-Hawkes
Many have interpreted symbolic material culture in the deep past as evidencing the origins sophisticated, modern cognition. Scholars from across the behavioural and cognitive sciences, including linguists, psychologists, philosophers, neuroscientists, primatologists, archaeologists and paleoanthropologists have used such artefacts to assess the capacities of extinct human species, and to set benchmarks
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What Is a Society? Building an Interdisciplinary Perspective and Why That's Important Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Mark W. Moffett
I submit the need to establish a comparative study of societies, namely groups beyond a simple, immediate family that have the potential to endure for generations, whose constituent individuals recognize one another as members, and that maintain control over access to a physical space. This definition, with refinements and ramifications I explore, serves for cross-disciplinary research since it applies
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Replies to commentaries on beyond playing 20 questions with nature Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Abdullah Almaatouq, Thomas L. Griffiths, Jordan W. Suchow, Mark E. Whiting, James Evans, Duncan J. Watts
Commentaries on the target article offer diverse perspectives on integrative experiment design. Our responses engage three themes: (1) Disputes of our characterization of the problem, (2) skepticism toward our proposed solution, and (3) endorsement of the solution, with accompanying discussions of its implementation in existing work and its potential for other domains. Collectively, the commentaries
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Dimensional versus conceptual incommensurability in the social and behavioral sciences Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Eugene Vaynberg, Kate Nicole Hoffman, Jacqueline Mae Wallis, Michael Weisberg
This commentary analyzes the extent to which the incommensurability problem can be resolved through the proposed alternative method of integrative experiment design. We suggest that, although one aspect of incommensurability is successfully addressed (dimensional incommensurability), the proposed design space method does not yet alleviate another major source of discontinuity, which we call conceptual
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Commensurability engineering is first and foremost a theoretical exercise Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Joachim Vandekerckhove
I provide a personal perspective on metastudies and emphasize lesser-known benefits. I stress the need for integrative theories to establish commensurability between experiments. I argue that mathematical social scientists should be engaged to develop integrative theories, and that likelihood functions provide a common mathematical framework across experiments. The development of quantitative theories
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Eliminativist induction cannot be a solution to psychology's crisis Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Mehmet Necip Tunç, Duygu Uygun Tunç
Integrative experiment design assumes that we can effectively design a space of factors that cause contextual variation. However, this is impossible to do so in a sufficiently objective way, resulting inevitably in observations laden with surrogate models. Consequently, integrative experiment design may even deepen the problem of incommensurability. In comparison, one-at-a-time approaches make much
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Experiment commensurability does not necessitate research consolidation Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Milena Tsvetkova
Integrative experiment design promises to foster cumulative knowledge by changing how we design experiments, build theories, and conduct research. I support the push to increase commensurability across experimental research but raise several reservations regarding results-driven and large-team-based research. I argue that it is vital to preserve academic diversity and adversarial debate via independent
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Are language–cognition interactions bigger than a breadbox? Integrative modeling and design space thinking temper simplistic questions about causally dense phenomena Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Debra Titone, Esteban Hernández-Rivera, Antonio Iniesta, Anne L. Beatty-Martínez, Jason W. Gullifer
We affirm the utility of integrative modeling, according to which it is advantageous to move beyond “one-at-a-time binary paradigms” through studies that position themselves within realistic multidimensional design spaces. We extend the integrative modeling approach to a target domain with which we are familiar, the consequences of bilingualism on mind and brain, often referred to as the “bilingual
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The miss of the framework Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Paul E. Smaldino
The authors rightly critique existing social sciences approaches. However, they are too quick to dismiss the criticism that their proposed paradigm is atheoretical. Social and cognitive theories are indeed incommensurate, often due to the lack of a unifying framework. Without proper integration with theoretical frameworks, their proposal may merely produce a resource-intensive veneer of thoroughness
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Phenomena complexity, disciplinary consensus, and experimental versus correlational research in psychological science Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Dean Keith Simonton
The target article ignores the crucial role of correlational methods in the behavioral and social sciences. Yet such methods are often mandated by the greater complexity of the phenomena investigated. This necessity is especially conspicuous in psychological research where its position in the hierarchy of the sciences implies the need for both experimental and correlational investigations, each featuring
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Diversity of contributions is not efficient but is essential for science Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Catherine T. Shea, Anita Williams Woolley
Dominant paradigms in science foster integration of research findings, but at what cost? Forcing convergence requires centralizing decision-making authority, and risks reducing the diversity of methods and contributors, both of which are essential for the breakthrough ideas that advance science.
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Consensus meetings will outperform integrative experiments Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Maximilian A. Primbs, Leonie A. Dudda, Pia K. Andresen, Erin M. Buchanan, Hannah K. Peetz, Miguel Silan, Daniël Lakens
We expect that consensus meetings, where researchers come together to discuss their theoretical viewpoints, prioritize the factors they agree are important to study, standardize their measures, and determine a smallest effect size of interest, will prove to be a more efficient solution to the lack of coordination and integration of claims in science than integrative experiments.
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Sampling complex social and behavioral phenomena Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Henrik Olsson, Mirta Galesic
We comment on the limits of relying on prior literature when constructing the design space for an integrative experiment; the adaptive nature of social and behavioral phenomena and the implications for the use of theory and modeling when constructing the design space; and on the challenges of measuring random errors and lab-related biases in measurement without replication.
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Is generalization decay a fundamental law of psychology? Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 David R. Mandel
Generalizations strengthen in traditional sciences, but in psychology (and social and behavioral sciences, more generally) they decay. This is usually viewed as a problem requiring solution. It could be viewed instead as a law-like phenomenon. Generalization decay cannot be squelched because human behavior is metastable and all behavioral data collected thus far have resulted from a thin sliver of
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Don't let perfect be the enemy of better: In defense of unparameterized megastudies Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Wei Li, Joshua K. Hartshorne
The target article argues researchers should be more ambitious, designing studies that systematically and comprehensively explore the space of possible experiments in one fell swoop. We argue that while “systematic” is rarely achievable, “comprehensive” is often enough. Critically, the recent popularization of massive online experiments shows that comprehensive studies are achievable for most cognitive
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Beyond integrative experiment design: Systematic experimentation guided by causal discovery AI Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Erich Kummerfeld, Bryan Andrews
Integrative experiment design is a needed improvement over ad hoc experiments, but the specific proposed method has limitations. We urge a further break with tradition through the use of an enormous untapped resource: Decades of causal discovery artificial intelligence (AI) literature on optimizing the design of systematic experimentation.
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Against naïve induction from experimental data Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 David Kellen, Gregory E. Cox, Chris Donkin, John C. Dunn, Richard M. Shiffrin
This commentary argues against the indictment of current experimental practices such as piecemeal testing, and the proposed integrated experiment design (IED) approach, which we see as yet another attempt at automating scientific thinking. We identify a number of undesirable features of IED that lead us to believe that its broad application will hinder scientific progress.
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Discovering the unknown unknowns of research cartography with high-throughput natural description Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Tanay Katiyar, Jean-François Bonnefon, Samuel A. Mehr, Manvir Singh
To succeed, we posit that research cartography will require high-throughput natural description to identify unknown unknowns in a particular design space. High-throughput natural description, the systematic collection and annotation of representative corpora of real-world stimuli, faces logistical challenges, but these can be overcome by solutions that are deployed in the later stages of integrative
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Some problems with zooming out as scientific reform Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Jessica Hullman
Integrative experimentation will improve on the status quo in empirical behavioral science. However, the results integrative experiments produce will remain conditional on the various assumptions used to produce them. Without a theory of interpretability, it remains unclear how viable it is to address the crud factor without sacrificing explainability.
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Representative design: A realistic alternative to (systematic) integrative design Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Gijs A. Holleman, Mandeep K. Dhami, Ignace T. C. Hooge, Roy S. Hessels
We disagree with Almaatouq et al. that no realistic alternative exists to the “one-at-a-time” paradigm. Seventy years ago, Egon Brunswik introduced representative design, which offers a clear path to commensurability and generality. Almaatouq et al.'s integrative design cannot guarantee the external validity and generalizability of results which is sorely needed, while representative design tackles
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The social sciences needs more than integrative experimental designs: We need better theories Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Moshe Hoffman, Tadeg Quillien, Bethany Burum
Almaatouq et al.'s prescription for more integrative experimental designs is welcome but does not address an equally important problem: Lack of adequate theories. We highlight two features theories ought to satisfy: “Well-specified” and “grounded.” We discuss the importance of these features, some positive exemplars, and the complementarity between the target article's prescriptions and improved theorizing
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Measurement validity and the integrative approach Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Wendy C. Higgins, Alexander J. Gillett, Eliane Deschrijver, Robert M. Ross
Almaatouq et al. propose a novel integrative approach to experiments. We provide three examples of how unaddressed measurement issues threaten the feasibility of the approach and its promise of promoting commensurability and knowledge integration.
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Neuroadaptive Bayesian optimisation can allow integrative design spaces at the individual level in the social and behavioural sciences… and beyond Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Rianne Haartsen, Anna Gui, Emily J. H. Jones
Almaatouq et al. propose an integrative experiment design space combined with large samples for scientific advancement. We argue recent innovative designs combining closed-loop experiment designs and Bayesian optimisation allow for integrative experiments at an individual level during a single session, circumventing the necessity for large samples. This method can be applied across disciplines, including
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Getting lost in an infinite design space is no solution Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Mario Gollwitzer, Johannes Prager
Almaatouq et al. argue that an “integrative experiment design” approach can help generating cumulative empirical and theoretical knowledge. Here, we discuss the novelty of their approach and scrutinize its promises and pitfalls. We argue that setting up a “design space” may turn out to be theoretically uninformative, inefficient, and even impossible. Designing truly diagnostic experiments provides
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Individual differences do matter Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Stefan Glasauer
The integrative experiment design proposal currently only relates to group results, but downplays individual differences between participants, which may nevertheless be substantial enough to constitute a relevant dimension in the design space. Excluding the individual participant in the integrative design will not solve all problems mentioned in the target article, because averaging results may obscure
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The future of experimental design: Integrative, but is the sample diverse enough? Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Sakshi Ghai, Sanchayan Banerjee
Almaatouq et al. propose an “integrative approach” to increase the generalisability and commensurability of experiments. Yet their metascientific approach has one glaring omission (and misinterpretation of) – the role of sample diversity in generalisability. In this commentary, we challenge false notions of subsumed duality between contexts, population, and diversity, and propose modifications to their
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Confidence in research findings depends on theory Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 David Gal, Brian Sternthal, Bobby J. Calder
Almaatouq et al. view the purpose of research is to map variable-to-variable relationships (e.g., the effect of X on Y). They also view theory as this mapping of variable-to-variable relationships rather than an explanation of why the relationships occur. However, it is theory as explanation that allows us to reconcile disparate findings and that should guide application.
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Explore your experimental designs and theories before you exploit them! Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Marina Dubova, Sabina J. Sloman, Ben Andrew, Matthew R. Nassar, Sebastian Musslick
In many areas of the social and behavioral sciences, the nature of the experiments and theories that best capture the underlying constructs are themselves areas of active inquiry. Integrative experiment design risks being prematurely exploitative, hindering exploration of experimental paradigms and of diverse theoretical accounts for target phenomena.
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Integrative design for thought-experiments Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Daniel Dohrn, Angelica Mezzadri
Integrative experiment design should be extended to thought-experiments. Thought-experiments are closely connected to “real” experiments. They are involved in devising the design space of theories and possible experiments. The latter may be partitioned into experiments to be really performed and mere thought-experiments. The proposed extension of integrative experiment design lends guidance to a more
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There are no shortcuts to theory Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Berna Devezer
Almaatouq et al. claim that the integrative experiment design can help “develop a reliable, cohesive, and cumulative theoretical understanding.” I will contest this claim by challenging three underlying assumptions about the nature of scientific theories. I propose that the integrative experiment design should be viewed as an exploratory framework rather than a means to build or evaluate theories.
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Test many theories in many ways Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Wilson Cyrus-Lai, Warren Tierney, Eric Luis Uhlmann
Demonstrating the limitations of the one-at-a-time approach, crowd initiatives reveal the surprisingly powerful role of analytic and design choices in shaping scientific results. At the same time, cross-cultural variability in effects is far below the levels initially expected. This highlights the value of “medium” science, leveraging diverse stimulus sets and extensive robustness checks to achieve
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Assume a can opener Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Cory J. Clark, Calvin Isch, Paul Connor, Philip E. Tetlock
We propose a friendly amendment to integrative experiment design (IED), adversarial-collaboration IED, that incentivizes research teams from competing theoretical perspectives to identify zones of the design space where they possess an explanatory edge. This amendment is especially critical in debates that have high policy stakes and carry a strong normative-political charge that might otherwise prevent
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The elephant's other legs: What some sciences actually do Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Jonathan Baron
Integrative experiments, as described, seem blindly empirical, as if the question of generality of effects could not be understood through controlled one-at-a-time experiments. But current research using such experiments, especially applied research, can resolve issues and make progress through understanding of cause–effect pathways, leaving to engineers the task of translating this understanding into
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Integrative experiments require a shared theoretical and methodological basis Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-05 Pietro Amerio, Nicolas Coucke, Axel Cleeremans
Creating an integrated design space can be successful only if researchers agree on how to define and measure a certain phenomenon of interest. Adversarial collaborations and mathematical modeling can aid in reaching the necessary level of agreement when researchers depart from different theoretical perspectives.
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Is peace a human phenomenon? Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 Elva J. H. Robinson, António M. M. Rodrigues, Jessica L. Barker
Peace is a hallmark of human societies. However, certain ant species engage in long-term intergroup resource sharing, which is remarkably similar to peace among human groups. We discuss how individual and group payoff distributions are affected by kinship, dispersal, and age structure; the challenges of diagnosing peace; and the benefits of comparing convergent complex behaviours in disparate taxa
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A critique of motivation constructs to explain higher-order behavior: We should unpack the black box Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Kou Murayama, Hayley Jach
The constructs of motivation (or needs, motives, etc.) to explain higher-order behavior have burgeoned in psychology. In this article, we critically evaluate such high-level motivation constructs that many researchers define as causal determinants of behavior. We identify a fundamental issue with this predominant view of motivation, which we called the black-box problem. Specifically, high-level motivation
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Author's response: The challenge of peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Luke Glowacki
The 30 commentators are largely sympathetic to the account I develop for the origins of peace in humans, though many suggest that peace has deeper roots and that humans share characteristics of peace with other species. Multiple commentators propose how to extend my framework or focus on the cognitive and psychological prerequisites for peace. In my reply, I discuss these considerations and further
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How language and agriculture promote culture- and peace-promoting norms Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Thomas R. Zentall
Humans are predisposed to form in-groups and out-groups that are remarkably flexible in their definition due largely to the complex language that has evolved in them. Language has allowed for the creation of shared “background stories” that can unite people who do not know each other. Second, the discovery of agriculture has resulted in the critical need to negotiate boundaries, a process that can
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Language likely promoted peace before 100,000 ya Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Richard Wrangham
Based on evidence of selection against alpha-male behavior in the earliest Homo sapiens, I suggest that by 300,000 ya (years ago) language would have been sufficiently sophisticated to contribute to peacemaking between groups. Language also influenced the social landscape of peace and war, and groups' ability to form coalitions.
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The roots of peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Michael L. Wilson
By focusing on peace, Glowacki provides a fresh perspective on warfare. Why did humans evolve peace? Other animals aggregate peacefully when resources are not economically defendable. The human capacity for peace may arise from two key factors: Multilevel societies and psychology shaped by within-group exchanges, which may have begun when tools enabled hominins to extract foods, including tubers and
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Rethinking peace from a bonobo perspective Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Liran Samuni, Erin G. Wessling, Martin Surbeck
Reconstructing pathways to human peace can be hampered by superficial evaluations of similar processes in nonhuman species. A deeper understanding of bonobo social systems allows us to reevaluate the preconditions for peace to gain a greater insight on the evolutionary timescale of peace emergence.
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Police for peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Hannes Rusch
Glowacki's detailed account of small-scale societies’ endogenously emerging tendencies to oscillate between phases of peace and war highlights a need for understanding better the incentives governing “internal” policing for “external” peacekeeping. Here, I sketch some of these incentives and point out a resulting dilemma which Glowacki's account leaves unresolved for the time being.
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Peace as prerequisite rather than consequence of cooperation Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Angelo Romano, Jörg Gross, Carsten K. W. De Dreu
We take issue with Glowacki's assumption that intergroup relations are characterized by positive-sum interactions and suggest to include negative-sum interactions, and between-group independence. As such, peace may be better defined as the absence of negative-sum interactions. Rather than being a consequence of cooperation, peace emerges as a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for positive (in)direct
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Social norms, mentalising, and common knowledge, in making peace and war Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Vincent Riordan
The emergence of social norms would have been dependent on the evolution of the cognitive capacity for mentalising to multiple orders of intentionality. Common knowledge is a related phenomenon that can solve coordination problems. That the same cognitive and social mechanisms should facilitate both peace and war is resonant with Girard's scapegoat hypothesis on the relationship between violence and
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The psychology of intergroup relations was grounded in intragroup processes Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 R. Matthew Montoya, Brad Pinter
Although Glowacki proposed that peace developed from the relatively recent advent of intergroup norms and tolerance for out-group members, we submit that (a) positive intergroup relations developed from a psychology grounded in the regulation of intragroup relations, (b) the “default” intergroup orientation is uncertainty, and (c) positive intergroup relations likely existed early in our evolutionary
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Enhanced cooperation increases the capacity for conflict Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Rose McDermott
Enhanced cooperation increases the capacity for humans to engage in large-scale warfare. This ability provides the foundation for male coalitionary behavior, leaving open the question of whether cooperation evolved in the same way, or for the same purpose, in females. Such coalitionary behavior entrains hierarchical forms of leadership that remain inherently unstable, providing a spark for conflict
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On the evolved psychological mechanisms that make peace and reconciliation between groups possible Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Michael E. McCullough, David Pietraszewski
If group norms and decisions foster peace, then understanding how norms and decisions arise becomes important. Here, we suggest that neither norms nor other forms of group-based decision making (such as offering restitution) can be adequately understood without simultaneously considering (i) what individual psychologies are doing and (ii) the dynamics these psychologies produce when interacting with
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Group-structured cultural selection can explain both war and peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Sarah Mathew, Matthew Zefferman
Glowacki recognizes the importance of norms in enabling war and peace, but does not focus on the cultural evolutionary mechanisms by which these norms are maintained. We highlight how group-structured cultural selection shapes the scale and nature of peaceful intergroup interactions. The mechanistic perspective reveals that there are many more cases of peaceful intergroup relations than the current
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Peace is a form of cooperation, and so are the cultural technologies which make peace possible Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Julien Lie-Panis, Jean-Baptiste André
While necessary parts of the puzzle, cultural technologies are insufficient to explain peace. They are a form of second-order cooperation – a cooperative interaction designed to incentivize first-order cooperation. We propose an explanation for peacemaking cultural technologies, and therefore peace, based on the reputational incentives for second-order cooperation.
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The role of religion in the evolution of peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Jordan Kiper, Richard Sosis
Glowacki's account overlooks the role of religion in the regulation of cooperation, tolerance, and peace values. We interrogate three premises of Glowacki's argument and suggest that approaching religion as an adaptive system reveals how religious commitments and practices likely had a more substantial impact on the evolution of peace and conflict than currently presumed.
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Cultural technologies for peace may have shaped our social cognition Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Amine Sijilmassi, Lou Safra, Nicolas Baumard
Peace, the article shows, is achieved by culturally evolved institutions that incentivize positive-sum relationships. We propose that this insight has important consequences for the design of human social cognition. Cues that signal the existence of such institutions should play a prominent role in detecting group membership. We show how this accounts for previous findings and suggest avenues for future
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The evolution of (intergroup) peace hinges on how we define groups and peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Anne C. Pisor, Kristopher M. Smith, Jeffrey P. Deminchuk
Glowacki defines peace as harmonious relationships between groups maintained without the threat of violence, where groups can be anything from families to nation states. However, defining such contentious concepts like “peace” and “groups” is a difficult task, and we discuss the implications of Glowacki's definitions for understanding intergroup relationships and their evolutionary history.
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The intertwined nature of peace and war Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Bonaventura Majolo
Glowacki discusses how humans regularly face collective action problems that may result in either peaceful or aggressive between-group interactions. Peace and war probably coevolved in humans. Using a gene–culture evolutionary framework is a powerful way to analyse why, when, and how humans have the capacity to build and maintain long-term peaceful interactions between groups and also to wage deadly
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A game of raids: Expanding on a game theoretical approach utilising the prisoner's dilemma and ethnography in situ Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Emily M. L. Jeffries, Sarah E. Wright, Sheina Lew-Levy
In this commentary, we set out the specifics of how Glowacki's game theoretical framework for the evolution of peace could be incorporated within broader cultural evolutionary approaches. We outline a formal proposal for prisoner's dilemma games investigating raid-based conflict. We also centre an ethnographic lens to understand the norms surrounding war and peace in intergroup interactions in small-scale
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Experimental evidence suggests intergroup relations are, by default, neutral rather than aggressive Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Hirotaka Imada, Nobuhiro Mifune
The target article offers a game-theoretical analysis of primitive intergroup aggression (i.e., raiding) and discusses difficulties in achieving peace. We argue the analysis does not capture the actual strategy space, missing out “do-nothing.” Experimental evidence robustly shows people prefer doing nothing against out-group members over cooperating with/attacking them. Thus, the target article overestimates
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The importance of social rejection as reputational sanction in fostering peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Hsuan-Che (Brad) Huang
I challenge the idea by Glowacki that “strong sanctions” such as fines, physical punishment, or execution are more effective in promoting peace than “weak punishments” like social rejection. Reviewing evidence that social rejection can have significant social and psychological costs for norm violators, I propose that social rejection can serve as a powerful reputational sanction in fostering peace
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Impediments to peace Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Raymond Hames
While effective institutional practices are critical for the evolution of peace certain factors deter their effectiveness. In-group and out-group dynamics may make peace difficult between culturally distinct groups. Critical ecological conditions often lead to intractable conflict over resources. And within group conflicts of interest most prominently between generations may inhibit effective peace
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Peace in other primates Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 David J. Grüning, Joachim I. Krueger
We elaborate on Glowacki's claim that humans are more capable of establishing peace than other mammals. We present three aspects suggesting caution. First, the social capabilities of nonhuman primates should not be underestimated. Second, the effect of these capabilities on peace establishment is nonmonotonous. Third, defining peace by human-centered values introduces a fallacy.
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Social and economic interdependence as a basis for peaceful between-group relationships in nonhuman primates and humans Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Cyril C. Grueter
Glowacki asserts that interdependent relationships beyond group boundaries are exceptionally rare among nonhuman mammals. However, rudimentary forms of interdependence can be seen in primate species that form multilevel societies, that is, core social units embedded within higher-level grouping categories. Studies of primate multilevel societies can enrich discussions about the evolutionary origins
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Capacities for peace, and war, are old and related to Homo construction of worlds and communities Behav. Brain. Sci. (IF 29.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-15 Agustín Fuentes, Nam Kim, Marc Kissel
The capacities required for both peace and war predate 100,000 years ago in the genus Homo are deeply entangled in the modes by which humans physically and perceptually construct their worlds and communities, and may not be sufficiently captured by economic models.